Environment and Social Psychology (ESP) is an international open-access academic journal dedicated to publishing highly professional research in all fields related to the relationship between environment and social psychology. All manuscripts are subjected to a rigorous double-blind peer review process, to ensure quality and originality. We are interested in the original research discoveries. This journal also features a wide range of research in ancillary areas relevant to social psychology. ESP publishes original research articles, review articles, editorials, case reports, letters, brief commentaries, perspectives, methods, etc. ESP aims to explore the connections between the environment and human condition, and enhance the environment protection consciousness and behaviors that are crucial to achieve the goals of sustainable development and human development. The research topics of ESP include but are not limited to: Environment psychology Environmental perception Environmental behaviour Environmental design Social psychology Social perception Social Behaviour Interpersonal Relationships Environment and mental health Mental Health Coping mechanisms Emotions and the Environment Sustainability and behavioral science Sustainable Development Behavioural change theory Social norms and environmental behaviour Climate psychology Psychological impacts of climate change Behavioural responses Climate education Interdisciplinary research Environment and social sciences Technology and psychology Arts and Humanities Culture and environment Social Sciences（Health） Developmental and Educational Psychology Learning, attention deficit and the environment Genderisation, child development and the social environment Neurological and physiological psychology Depression and the environment Problem Solving and the Social Environment
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Estimating perceived street safety via pairwise comparisons and semantic segmentation with a social-psychological lens
We integrate pairwise image comparisons with Semantic Segmentation to assess perceived street safety through a social-psychological lens. Drawing on classic findings about natural surveillance, signs of disorder, and risk appraisal, we pre‑specified simple directional expectations: brighter and cleaner scenes and those affording visibility should feel safer; visible rubbish and graffiti should depress safety appraisals; moderate human presence should increase perceived safety by signaling guardianship. Using 20 photos from the Shinsakae district (Nagoya, Japan), 69 participants completed 13,110 pairwise choices (all 190 combinations). A Mask2Former model, pretrained on ADE20K and fine-tuned on 263 locally annotated photos, improved mIoU from 34.15% to 66.10% and yielded area ratios for CPTED-relevant elements (lighting, greenery, people, cars, bicycles, rubbish, graffiti). We then estimated a weighted scoring function mapping these visual features to perceived-safety scores. The AI scores broadly tracked human rankings and reproduced expected social-psychological regularities: lighting/cleanliness associated positively with perceived safety, while rubbish/graffiti associated negatively; daylight and a sense of openness mattered across groups; gender, age, and nationality revealed interpretable differences in emphasis (e.g., women prioritized lighting; older adults weighted illumination more strongly; Japanese participants were more sensitive to cleanliness). We discuss how environmental cues shape quick, intuitive judgments of safety and how AI-assisted diagnostics can operationalize CPTED-informed improvements.
Copyright (c) 2025 Haoyuan Xiao*, Yoshinori NATSUME http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mechanism of brand authenticity on customer value co-creation: Mediating effect of brand trust
This study investigates the impact mechanism of brand authenticity on the importance of customers co-creation, highlighting how brand trust acts as a mediator and the moderating influence of perceived behavioral control. Utilizing quantitative research methodologies, 368 valid samples were gathered via questionnaire surveys, and statistical techniques, including Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), were used to analyze the data. The results indicate that brand authenticity positively influences brand trust, which acts as a powerful mediator in the connection between authenticity and customer value co-creation. Perceived behavioral control serves in the role of moderator in these relationships, enhancing the positive impact when consumers perceive higher control over their behavior. Brand authenticity directly affects customer value co-creation, highlighting its role as a key driver. The study contributes theoretically by providing an in-depth analysis of the mediating role of brand trust and exploring the moderating effect of perceived behavioral control. Practically, it offers strategies for brand managers to enhance customer value co-creation by strengthening brand authenticity and trust, providing significant guidance for brand management in the digital and globalized era.
Copyright (c) 2025 ZhengGui Chen*, JinWen Tang http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Environmental and Financial Performance of Green Mergers and Acquisitions: Legal and Strategic Determinants of Sustainability Outcomes
Green mergers and acquisitions (M&A) have emerged as a strategic mechanism through which firms pursue sustainability-oriented growth while navigating evolving environmental regulations and market expectations. However, empirical evidence explaining how these transactions influence environmental performance and financial outcomes remain fragmented. This study examines the effect of green M&A on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, energy efficiency, and waste reduction, while also evaluating post-merger financial metrics including revenue growth, cost savings, and production efficiency. Using a dataset of 2015–2025 transactions across renewable energy, sustainable manufacturing, agriculture, clean technology, and energy storage sectors, the study employs standardized environmental impact equations, financial performance models, and paired t-tests to evaluate changes over a three-year post-merger period. The results show that green M&A firms achieve substantially greater sustainability gains compared to traditional M&A firms: a 28.6% reduction in GHG emissions, 19.3% improvement in energy efficiency, and 20.9% reduction in waste generation. Financial performance also improves significantly, with 12% revenue growth, 10.4% cost savings, and an 18.7% increase in production efficiency. These findings highlight that sustainability-driven M&A not only advances environmental responsibility but also consolidates long-term economic competitiveness. The study concludes with recommendations for integrating environmental due diligence, ESG-driven valuation frameworks, and innovation-oriented integration strategies into future green M&A transactions. It further outlines policy implications for regulators and suggests future research directions including long-term (5–10 year) effects and cross-regional comparative studies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ibrahim Khalil Ibrahim, Imad Abdullah Najm, Baydaa Essam Abdulrahman Jasim, Sabah Abdul Wahhab Abdul Razaaq AL-Nuiami, Waleed Nassar, Petro Zakharchenko http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Leadership in sustainable development: Managing a multigenerational workforce
This study empirically examines how leadership styles influence adaptability, sustainability engagement, and innovation across a multigenerational workforce using a cross-industry dataset (N = 624) collected through an online survey. We found that Integrated, Transformational, Participative, Servant, and Transactional leadership styles positively correlate with workforce adaptability, sustainability engagement, and innovation-support behaviors. Workforce adaptability was evaluated with the Adjustment Index (AI), sustainability involvement with the Sustainability Effectiveness Index (SEI), and leadership influence on innovation with the Innovation Potential Index (IPI). Each index was derived from multi-item Likert scales and validated using reliability tests (α = .84–.91) and multigroup measurement invariance. Inferential analyses using ANOVA and multigroup SEM demonstrate that workplaces adopting Integrated and Transformational leadership report significantly higher adaptability (p < .001), sustainability participation (p < .01), and knowledge transfer across generational cohorts. Analysis shows that Integrated and Transformational leadership models maximize workforce retention, sustainability adoption, and knowledge transfer, especially among Millennials and Generation Z. In contrast, the effects of Transactional leadership were statistically weak or non-significant (p > .05), indicating limited impact on sustainability participation and innovation outcomes. Sector-level comparisons indicate that technology and financial services exhibit the strongest sustainability compliance and innovation adoption, partially mediated by leadership practices. This study highlights the need for generationally agile leadership frameworks for optimizing collaboration, sustainability commitment, and long-term organizational resilience. Future studies should examine AI-enabled leadership systems and cross-cultural variations to strengthen the global applicability of sustainable leadership models.
Copyright (c) 2025 Murooj Mohammad Sattar, Hanaa Ismaei Naddf, Aeda Hadi Saleh, Huda Yousif Khattab, Talib Kalefa Hasan, Ihor Shpektorenko http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Translation and validation of the MUSE questionnaire in Chinese for elderly hypertensive patients: A study in the context of community pharmacist-led multidimensional educational interventions
Objective: To translate, culturally adapt, and validate the Medication Understanding and Use Self-Efficacy (MUSE) Scale for Chinese elderly hypertensive patients (MUSE-CH), providing a psychometrically sound instrument to assess medication self-efficacy in the context of community pharmacist-led interventions. Methods: A two-phase mixed-methods approach was employed. Phase A involved establishing MUSE-CH through standardized forward-backward translation procedures. Five experts conducted content validity assessment, while reliability and construct validity were examined using Cronbach's α coefficients and Rasch modeling. Results: MUSE-CH demonstrated robust psychometric properties with S-CVI/Ave of 0.975 and total scale Cronbach's α of 0.847. Medication adherence behavior and medication learning dimensions showed α coefficients of 0.825 and 0.798, respectively. Conclusions: The MUSE-CH scale exhibits satisfactory reliability and validity for assessing medication self-efficacy in Chinese elderly hypertensive populations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yandi Zhang, Boon Seng Tan, Huichao Liu, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The correlation between computer science curriculum effectiveness and academic outcomes in private schools in Guangdong province from the perspective of environmental social psychology: The mediating role of collaborative learning and technological environment
This study investigated the relationships between computer science (CS) course effectiveness and academic performance in a Guangdong Province private school through an integrated environmental and social psychology framework, examining collaborative learning environment and technology environment perception as mediating mechanisms. A quantitative cross-sectional design surveyed several hundred Grade 4 international high school students enrolled in computer science courses at Guangdong Country Garden School during the 2024-2025 academic year. Results revealed that all five CS course effectiveness dimensions—hands-on experiences, real-world applications, collaborative learning, problem-solving abilities, and technology landscape readiness—demonstrated strong positive correlations with academic performance (r=.790-.879, p<.01), with problem-solving abilities emerging as the strongest predictor (β=.342). Mediation analysis using Hayes' PROCESS macro with bootstrapping procedures confirmed that collaborative learning environment (14.7%-23.7% mediation) and technology environment perception (14.7%-23.9% mediation) functioned as significant partial mediators, with real-world applications showing strongest social-psychological mediation and hands-on experiences exhibiting strongest environmental mediation. Hierarchical regression demonstrated that environmental and social-psychological factors contributed unique variance beyond course effectiveness dimensions (ΔR²=.043, p<.001). Findings provide empirical support for person-environment fit theories and social cognitive frameworks, highlighting the importance of optimizing both technological infrastructure and interpersonal climate for CS education effectiveness in private school contexts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Xuan Quan, Pedrito A.Aton, Marissa Ejercito – Borines http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Career selection in STEM: Relationship between academic achievement and STEM career decision
The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between Academic Achievement and Career Decision of STEM-tertiary Students. It specifically addressed the following questions: 1. What is the level of academic achievement of STEM-tertiary students? 2. Is there a significant relationship between academic achievement and career decision in STEM? 3. Does type of secondary school graduated significantly influence career decision in STEM? Eighty-six (86) STEM-tertiary students served as respondents of the study. Collection of data was done through an online survey. The study's findings showed that students who choose STEM careers generally demonstrate high academic achievement during their SHS years. In addition, a significant positive correlation was found between academic achievement and career decision in STEM, ρ(84) = .716, p < .001, indicating that students with higher academic performance are more likely to make confident and well-informed decisions to pursue STEM-related careers. Lastly, the study found no significant difference in STEM career decision based on the type of secondary school attended, with a z-value of -0.95 and a p-value of 0.341, suggesting that the quality or category of school has little to no influence on students’ decisions to enter STEM fields.
Copyright (c) 2025 Arnold M. Ferolino http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Audience's Mentality on Confidence towards Public Speakers during Political Campaigns
While effective public speaking is a critical element in political campaigning, how audiences perceive speaker confidence, and how that perception is shaped by specific socio-cultural values, remains underexplored. This study addresses this gap by examining how registered Filipino voters interpret the confidence and communication styles of political speakers, as well as identifying the specific words or messages that resonate most and influence voter perception. Using an exploratory qualitative design, the study involves one-on-one interviews with 25 registered Filipino voters from Northern Luzon, Western Visayas, and the Zamboanga Peninsula. Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis to uncover themes related to public perception of speaker confidence, the emotional and psychological undertones of speaker delivery, and the linguistic elements that make political messages impactful. The findings reveal that for Filipino voters, confidence is not a projection of dominance but is interpreted as a relational construct rooted in perceived authenticity, humility, and adaptability. Findings contribute to the fields of political communication, campaign strategy, and public speaking by offering insights into how culturally-specific values and perceived authenticity influence public trust, emotional connection, and electoral decision-making.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jason V. Chavez, Joseph B. Quinto, Ma. Theresa L. Eustaquio, Leizl Joy A. Alzate, Bernadette R. Gumpal, Juanito P. Tandoc, Jr., Sar-Ana M. Abdurasul, Herda B. Usman, Cynthia D. Miranda, Elena B. Panugot http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The role of organizational culture in driving environmental digital transformation
The increasing integration of Environmental Digital Transformation (EDT) within organizations requires a deeper understanding of how organizational culture influences digital adoption, resource efficiency, and sustainability outcomes. This study examines the role of innovation orientation, collaboration, adaptability, and continuous learning in shaping EDT success. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research combines quantitative survey data from 25 organizations across multiple industries with qualitative insights from managerial interviews. Statistical analyses reveal that organizations with high innovation and collaboration scores achieve faster digital integration and improved resource efficiency, while continuous learning strongly correlates with higher digital adoption rates. Conversely, risk tolerance does not significantly predict EDT success, suggesting that organizations benefit more from structured learning and strategic planning rather than risk-heavy digital adoption. These findings align with existing literature on digital sustainability and corporate digital readiness, reinforcing the importance of employee training, cross-functional collaboration, and innovation-driven leadership. Practical implications include the need for corporate decision-makers to invest in digital upskilling programs and foster interdepartmental cooperation, while policymakers should develop supportive frameworks that encourage digital transformation in sustainability-driven industries. Future research should explore industry-specific cultural influences, leadership dynamics, and longitudinal analyses of digital transformation impacts. By emphasizing the human and cultural dimensions of EDT, this study contributes to a broader understanding of how organizations can successfully navigate digital sustainability transition.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nabaa Latif, Marwan Salah Noaman, Nahla Qasim Mohammed Ismail, Hameed Salim Alkabi, Thamer Kadum Yousif Al Hilfi, Anastasiia Khlaponina http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Legal Perspectives on Corporate accountability in Environmental Sustainability
Corporate accountability plays an essential role in the environmental law framework as a key element of the sustainable development concept, but existing structures often lack the enforcement power that is key to ensuring compliance. On the other hand, judicial precedents and standardized ESG metrics have stepped up to the plate as contenders to increase accountability. This study investigates the impact of regulatory frameworks, ESG reporting standards, and court rulings on environmental performance, through the analysis of compliance trends in multiple jurisdictions and sectors. A mixed-methods approach consisting of quantitative analysis of 50 corporate ESG reports and environmental audits, and qualitative review of 25 legal cases. 25 companies fell below the average across various key metrics, including Corporate accountability Performance Index (CAPI) and Environmental Responsibility Adjustment Factor (ERAF). The results indicate judicial precedents increase compliance rates 23%; upholding standardized ESG framework significance, firms that connect to ERAM have higher alignment (0.95) and higher ERAF scores. Comparing across regions, stricter regulatory environments (EU, for example) were related to higher accountability scores. The study concludes that corporate environmental accountability is driven by judicial spending, standardized environmental, social, and governance (ESG) disclosure of companies as well as solid monitoring framework. But major gaps remain, including weak enforcement mechanisms and uneven global regulatory standards. By putting such measures in place, as well as increasing penalties for failure to comply with them and looking into technology to solve the issues of inequitable enforcement, it would drive more meaningful accountability efforts and strengthen global sustainability initiatives.
Copyright (c) 2025 Raed Hameed Salih, Ibrahim Khilel Khinger, Hussam Rasool Ubaid, Dhafer Aldabagh, Saad S. Alani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Environmental affordances and Chinese expatriate (Entrepreneur) Success: How social support systems and personality traits co-determine entrepreneurial work performance (in cross cultural setting)
Purpose: This study examines how environmental affordances, social support systems, and personality traits co-determine entrepreneurial work performance among Chinese expatriate entrepreneurs in cross-cultural settings, addressing theoretical gaps in understanding the synergistic relationships between environmental, social, and psychological factors in expatriate entrepreneurial success. Methodology: A mixed-methods approach was employed with 187 Chinese expatriate entrepreneurs in Semporna, Malaysia. Data collection integrated structured surveys with semi-structured interviews, utilizing structural equation modeling to examine co-determinant mechanisms, interaction effects, and mediation pathways across different cultural adaptation stages and venture types. Findings: Environmental affordances perception significantly influenced psychological well-being (β = 0.47, p < 0.001) more than financial performance (β = 0.19, p = 0.084), explaining 22.6% versus 8.4% of variance respectively. Co-determinant interactions between social support and personality traits contributed 9.7% additional variance in work performance. Highly extraverted entrepreneurs exhibited diminishing returns from extensive social support (β = -0.21, p < 0.05), while emotionally stable individuals demonstrated linear enhancement patterns (β = 0.39, p < 0.001). Personality traits influenced performance primarily through psychological adaptation pathways (31.4% of total effects). Conclusion: Environmental affordances function as fundamental catalysts in cross-cultural entrepreneurial performance through complex psychological adaptation mechanisms rather than direct economic pathways, with success emerging from sophisticated person-environment matching processes. Practical Implications: Findings inform the design of culturally sensitive entrepreneurial support programs that leverage environmental psychology principles, enabling more effective cross-cultural business development strategies for multinational organizations and policymakers.
Copyright (c) 2025 SHUYANG, FAN, FURUOKA FUMITAKA, SU TENG, LEE http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Implications of fitness app data-driven teaching for P.E. curriculum reform: Linking in-class and extracurricular exercise based on environment-behavior theory
To explore the implications of fitness APP data-driven teaching for physical education curriculum reform, this study constructed a theoretical model of "three-dimensional environment—environmental perception—psychological mediators—behavioral outcomes" based on environmental behavior theory. Employing a quasi-experimental design, a one-year longitudinal study was conducted with 600 university students. The findings reveal that: (1) The information environment constructed by fitness APPs, together with the physical and social environments, constitutes a three-dimensional support system influencing students' exercise behavior, with the path coefficient from information environment to environmental perception reaching 0.467 (p<0.001), confirming the independent dimensional value of digital technology in the physical education ecosystem; (2) Data-driven teaching significantly promotes the linkage between in-class and extracurricular exercise, with the experimental group demonstrating a 126.2% increase in extracurricular exercise frequency and weekly exercise duration extending to 163.7 minutes—153.8% higher than the control group. APP usage rate remained at 63.4% during summer vacation, validating the long-term mechanism of behavioral transfer and consolidation; (3) Self-efficacy and social support play critical mediating roles between environment and behavior, with mediating effects accounting for 73.6% of the total effect, revealing the complete action chain of "environmental reconstruction → cognitive transformation → behavioral change"; (4) Goal orientation, social support, and environmental quality exert significant moderating effects on linkage effectiveness, with high task-oriented students showing substantially stronger linkage intensity (r=0.687) compared to ego-oriented students (r=0.423); (5) Structural equation modeling fit indices comprehensively met excellent standards (CFI=0.968, RMSEA=0.042), providing empirical support for the theoretical model. The study proposes that in-class and extracurricular linkage should adhere to three design principles: environmental continuity, support diversity, and feedback immediacy, while constructing a "school-community-family" physical space network, an "in-class—extracurricular—online" social support network, and a unified data feedback system. Meanwhile, vigilance is required regarding risks such as the digital divide and over-quantification. This research provides theoretical foundations and practical pathways for the paradigm shift in physical education curriculum reform from skill-based instruction toward health behavior habit cultivation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tingting Tong*, Juliet Demalen http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Psychological differences in luxury consumption between China and the united states and strategies for building a sustainable consumption market
This study compares luxury consumption psychology in China and the United States using a triangulated approach drawing from academic literature, industry data, and policy documents. The study find that, although consumers in both countries share similar motivations for identity construction and value pursuit, they differ in areas such as relationship fluidity, regulated visibility boundaries, media accessibility, sense of presence, and verifiability. These factors shape different value rhythms and trust formation paths. Chinese consumers have shifted from overt brand signaling to preserving long-term traceable value, while American consumers maintain stable preferences through craftsmanship, heritage, and circular channels. To support the sustainable development of the Chinese market, this study proposes the following strategies: reducing trust costs through digital product passports, enhancing value realization through brand-led buyback-certification-refurbishment-resale, and strengthening systemic accountability through quantifiable extended producer responsibility. The study also identifies potential risks such as symbolic substitution, exclusivity issues, and information asymmetry to maintain a critical perspective. The goal of this research is to provide verifiable, governance-compliant guidance that promotes rational and sustainable luxury consumption during periods of economic uncertainty.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mengyao Li http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Letting go of Mathematics, Science, and ICT: The Psychology of Course Shifters from Mathematics, Science, and ICT to Non-Mathematics, Science, and ICT Programs
This study examined the psychological factors influencing students to shift from Mathematics, Science, and Information and Communications Technology (MSI) programs to non-MSI disciplines in higher education. Using a qualitative exploratory design, forty participants who transitioned from MSI to non-MSI courses were interviewed to understand their motivations, struggles, and growth experiences. Findings revealed that many students initially enrolled in MSI programs due to family expectations, societal prestige, and peer influence. Over time, they encountered burnout from demanding workloads, role strain from conflicting responsibilities, and difficulty envisioning future careers, reflecting low levels of career decision-making self-efficacy (CDMSE). These factors created dissonance between external pressures and authentic interests, pushing students toward non-MSI fields. Yet, course shifting was not viewed as academic failure. Instead, students described the transition as a transformative process that allowed them to rediscover passions, redefine success, and rebuild confidence in their chosen paths. The study also identified interventions to sustain MSI engagement, including contextualized and collaborative instruction, bridge programs to strengthen foundations, and career guidance to enhance CDMSE. Overall, the findings highlight course shifting as both a challenge and an opportunity, underscoring the need for institutional strategies that balance academic rigor with psychological support.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ram Eujohn J. Diamante, Michael B. Dizon, Christine B. Diocos, Rizza Mae E. Anduyan, Edgar M. Hortillosa, Liezl A. Dula-Ogon, Mary Jean O. Gimoto, Roy I. Vera Cruz, Kim Jay C. Encio, Hazel Galas Lampitoc http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Leadership in Environmental Management: Strategies for Climate Resilience
The escalating impacts of climate change demand leadership strategies that enhance environmental resilience and sustainability. Effective leadership in environmental management plays a critical role in addressing regulatory challenges, promoting sustainable resource use, and mitigating climate risks. This study examines five leadership models—transformational, adaptive, collaborative, technological, and policy-driven, analyzing their effectiveness in driving sustainability initiatives across key sectors, including energy, manufacturing, public governance, technology, and agriculture. These five models were selected based on their theoretical relevance to climate governance frameworks and empirical observability across sectors. A structured comparative analysis was conducted using a longitudinal research design, integrating quantitative performance metrics and qualitative stakeholder insights. The study evaluates leadership-driven sustainability frameworks, emphasizing proactive risk management, regulatory compliance, stakeholder engagement, and the integration of technological innovations. Findings indicate that technological leadership yields the highest sustainability impact, particularly in carbon neutrality, emission reduction, and renewable energy utilization. Adaptive leadership enhances flexibility in sustainability transitions, while collaborative leadership facilitates policy implementation and multi-sector partnerships. Transformational leadership demonstrates effectiveness in disaster preparedness and long-term resilience strategies. These findings underscore the importance of integrated leadership strategies that embrace both technological progress and adaptive and cooperative governance. Improving leadership capabilities in environmental management strengthens compliance with regulation, cross-sector coordination, and transformational change on sustainability. Data collected during this research can benefit policymakers, political frameworks, environmental leaders, industry experts and strategists attempting to determine the highest achievable format of leadership governing climate resilience. The article contributes an integrative model linking leadership typologies with measurable sustainability outcomes, filling a gap in comparative environmental governance studies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mudher Ghaeb Ali, Aziz Yousif Muttailb, Siham Kamel Mohammed Dawood, Hameed Salim Alkabi, Hamza Aljebouri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Performance Metrics for Environmental Non-Profit Organizations
Environmental non-profit organizations (ENPOs) are essential for tackling global sustainability issues, the performance measurement of ENPOs is inconsistent as there are no established evaluation frameworks. Unconventionally, this study develops a holistic performance assessment framework by combining environmental, operational, inclusive, and financial sustainability dimensions into a single overarching model, so that this approach can be adapted on a more universal benchmarking basis. The study is based on a comparison and ranking of organizations according to their efficiency and effectiveness by means of multi-criteria decision analysis and statistical validation, based on data from 50 prominent ENPOs. The discovery shows that while organizations that use their resources efficiently are more likely to have positive impacts on the environment, robust stakeholder engagement practices do not necessarily result in financial sustainability. [The study also identifies administrative efficiency as a decisive factor in cost-effectiveness in emissions and conservation projects.] In addition, when performance is standardized, this enables comparability between different organizations, promoting transparency and accountability in the not-for-profit field. While the study provides valuable insights, it also points out certain restrictions, such as limited data availability, a lack of transparency in reporting, and the absence of small-scale grassroots initiatives. Further research could investigate how performance tracking and predictive analytics driven by AI can lead to improve near-field assessment models and explore how funding structures of non-profits can impact long-term sustainability. Implementing frameworks like project categorization, programmatic planning and work planning, guided by digital monitoring tools, would further develop their deliverables and capabilities, and go a long way in building their contributions in a broader global context of conservation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Omar Abbas, Mohammed Muneer Abdul-Jabbar, Taghreed Alaa Mohammed Ali Hassan, Dhafer Aldabagh, Hasan Ali Abbas http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AI-Powered Analytics for Climate Data Management and Policy Implementation
The rising intricacy and volume of climate data are major challenges within climate modelling, forecasting, and policy implementation. Conventional statistical methods can lag behind in identifying nonlinear relationships, seasonal variations, and long-term climate patterns. The analysis of big climate data utility can greatly be increased through AI-enabled analytics behind it, where this work aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of various deep learning models in climate data application. A hybrid CNN-RNN model to simultaneously examine spatial and temporal climate data was created, with better performance than traditional prediction models and the ability to decrease both prediction errors and uncertainty. Its high-resolution predictions covered multiple sources of data, including satellite imagery, weather stations and historical climate data. The model validation metrics confirmed test-retest reliability was high with the Hybrid CNN-RNN performing the lowest R² and highest RMSE amongst the models tested. AI-Rank-Recognizance: The models demonstrated a possibility of using AI-analytic technologies to improve climate prognosis, analyze relationships between data units of the climate, and formulate adaptive legislative measures. With its progress, the fields of model interpretability, computational efficiency, and real-time deployment still face challenges. Future work around explainable AI, real-time climate tracking, and the incorporation of socioeconomic factors will help to take SDG projections to the next level. Utilizing AI for climate analysis, this research provides insights that may support sustainability planning and inform evidence-based discussions around climate-related policies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Adel, Nidhal Jasm Mohammed Ali, Wissam Anwar Mohammed Hassan Ali, Huda Yousif Khattab, Faris Abdul Kareem Khazal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Factors Influencing Job Burnout and Its Impact on Work Performance among Undergraduate University Teachers in Yunnan: The Moderating Effect of Organizational Identification
The purposes of this study were 1) to identify the factors of job burnout, work performance, organizational identification among undergraduate university teachers in Yunnan. 2) To analyze the influencing factors of job burnout affecting the work performance among undergraduate university teachers in Yunnan. 3) To examine the organizational identification as the moderating variable affect the job burnout and work performance among undergraduate university teachers in Yunnan. The sample group consisted of teachers using Yamane’s formula, to be 737 teachers. The research instrument used in this study was a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed by finding frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient, and path analysis. The research results can be summarized as follows: 1) The factors of job burnout and work performance have a high level (=5.773 S= 0. 929 and =3.467 S=1.420), except organizational identification is moderate level (=3.371 S=1.164). 2) The path coefficients of the structural equation model, there is significant correlation between emotional exhaustion and work performance (standardized path coefficient = -0.302, p < 0.001), depersonalization and work performance (standardized path coefficient = -0.325, p < 0.001), reduced personal accomplishment and work performance (standardized path coefficient = -0.288, p < 0.001). 3) The organizational identification as the moderating variable affects the job burnout and work performance are significant (t = -6.259, p = 0.000 < 0.05, t= -6.737 p=0.000<0.05, t= -6.230, p=0.000<0.05).
Copyright (c) 2025 Haibiao Liu, Panjanat Vorawattanachai* http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cultural musical expression and place attachment shaped by natural soundscapes: An environmental psychology analysis of Yugur folk song singing styles
This study investigates how natural soundscapes of the Qilian Mountain grasslands shape Yugur folk song singing styles and foster place attachment among ethnic communities in western China. Using a mixed-methods approach, we conducted acoustic measurements of 42 traditional songs, analyzed vocal resonance patterns through spectral analysis, and administered place attachment scales (M=4.23, SD=0.67) to 126 Yugur singers across four communities in Sunan County. Semi-structured interviews with 18 tradition bearers explored environmental influences on vocal techniques. Results revealed that singers in open grassland areas demonstrated significantly higher chest resonance frequencies (mean 3,350 Hz, SD=186 Hz) compared to valley dwellers (mean 3,050 Hz, SD=210 Hz), with vocal projection distances averaging 1.2 kilometers in pastoral settings. Place attachment scores positively correlated with the use of traditional elongated vowels and auxiliary syllables (r=0.68, p<0.01), suggesting these vocal adaptations strengthen emotional connections to landscape. Eastern Yugur singers exhibited 32% longer breath phrases than Western groups, reflecting adaptation to expansive terrain requiring far-carrying voices. The preservation of environment-specific vocal techniques emerges as crucial for maintaining cultural identity and psychological wellbeing. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating natural acoustic environments in cultural heritage conservation strategies and suggest that traditional singing practices function as mechanisms for environmental bonding and community resilience.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zixuan Li, Tazul Izan Tajuddin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
From CSR to Commitment: A thematic review of psychological capital and employee resilience in emerging economies (2020–2024)
This thematic review investigates the pathways through which Perceived Corporate Social Responsibility (PCSR) influences critical employee outcomes, specifically commitment and resilience, by focusing on the mediating role of Psychological Capital (PsyCap). We conducted a systematic analysis of 20 empirical studies published between 2020 and 2024, focusing on emerging economies and labor-intensive sectors. The synthesis reveals four dominant themes: (1) CSR's crucial function during crises as an adaptive mechanism for employee resilience; (2) enhanced employee commitment derived from industry-specific and context-aware CSR practices; (3) the mediating power of psychological and emotional mechanisms (such as trust and empowerment) that connect CSR to positive attitudes; and (4) PsyCap's pivotal role in translating CSR perceptions into sustained commitment and proactive behavior. Our findings confirm that employee-focused CSR (e.g., welfare, safety) effectively boosts the core PsyCap dimensions (hope, optimism, resilience, and self-efficacy). This cultivated PsyCap, in turn, strengthens affective commitment and supports organizational performance. The discussion positions CSR-driven PsyCap development as both an essential recovery resource during uncertainty and a proactive driver of engagement. Theoretically, this study integrates strategic psychological mechanisms into the CSR-employee outcomes framework. It also provides actionable insights for managers in emerging economies who seek to design PsyCap-centered CSR strategies capable of fostering workforce resilience and organizational sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Junjie Chen*, Nurul Ain Mohd Hasan, Syafila Kamarudin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Entrepreneurial Attrition: Red Tape and other Inefficient Practices from the Lens of New Business Owners
This research examines bureaucratic and administrative hindrances to entrepreneurial attrition in the Philippines, with particular reference to experiences of recently founded business owners. Employing qualitative methodology, it was informed by in-depth interviews with 20 entrepreneurs across diverse industries in Surigao del Sur, Philippines. Results indicate that too much red tape, ambiguous requirements, and non-responsive government service delivery frequently hold up business operations and impose tremendous emotional and financial stress. Most interviewees indicated that they contemplated postponing or scrapping their business plans because of these barriers. A noteworthy discovery is the disproportionate experience of entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs with personal contacts or insider help experienced fewer delays, which underlines systemic disparities in access to public services. Meanwhile, most entrepreneurs were subjected to inconsistent information, document resubmission, and insufficient online support. These issues validate earlier research on institutional inefficiency, with this work offering a people-oriented account from the Philippine experience. To remedy these problems, suggested solutions are process simplification, enhanced staff training, and creating inclusive, user-friendly online platforms. This research supports immediate policy and administrative changes for better efforts to create a more supportive and equitable environment for entrepreneurship. Ultimately, enabling entrepreneurs is not just critical for economic recovery and innovation but also for making progress in inclusive development in the nation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gretchen Yarra L. Erno, James Q. Grefalde, Rudyard Ryann T. Verano, Jason V. Chavez http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Corporate Governance and Legal Compliance as Psychological Drivers of Environmental Awareness and Sustainable Behavior
Corporate governance has emerged as a decisive factor in advancing sustainability, particularly as regulatory frameworks increasingly require organizations to demonstrate measurable reductions in environmental impacts. While governance has traditionally been examined through the lenses of compliance and reporting, this study emphasizes its additional role as a behavioral framework that shapes attitudes, perceptions, and identities within organizations and stakeholder networks. Using the organizational identification theory, social norms theory, and legitimacy theory, this analysis examines how the governance structures contribute to employees' sense of belonging to sustainability objectives, how regulations are internalized as behavioral norms, and how fairness and transparency lead to trust and voluntary cooperation. To test this two-fold role, in five corporations a multidimensional approach was made to incorporate composite indices related to governance performance (GPI), compliance effectiveness (CER), sustainability outcomes (SPS), stakeholder engagement (EII), and risk adaptability (RAC). The data set consisted over 120 environmental indicators that are in terms of emissions, energy-efficiency, waste management, and water use. The results suggest that companies with a GPI score of higher than 0.80 had an average of 25 percent cutback carbon emissions, 18 percent elevated water efficiency and 22 percent utilized renewable energy than firms with a score of 0.65 and below. And the findings suggest that those firms that rank high in EII values have up to 30 percent higher levels of stakeholder satisfaction, and those that score high in RAC score ranked quicker by 40 percent in adjusting to compliance demands. The paper has concluded that governance can reach its transformative potential provided legal accountability is complemented with psychological participation to enable corporations to translate into compliance with the legal requirements into long-term ecological conduct and to play a major role in Sustainable Development Goals.
Copyright (c) 2025 Haider Abdulkareem Alobaidi, Khalis Kadhim, Ali Abdul-Jabbar Raheem, Jaafer Kadhem Jasim, Waleed Nassar, Dmytro Khlaponin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cross-Cultural Management and Global Environmental Policy Implementation
Cross-culture management, stakeholder engagement and institutions adaptation play an important role in effectiveness of the global environmental policy implementation. The article investigates the regulatory compliance rates, policy adoption efficiency, and governance structures among various regions, recognizing the constituents that foster policies adherence or pose obstacles to compliance. Using stakeholder engagement as a predictor of compliance looking at compliance metrics, engagement levels (marginally and non-marginally) and policy adoption timelines — the study found that while increased engagement did provide a positive correlation with compliance, the returns were diminishing at extreme levels. Also, a delay in the adoption of the policy has an inverse effect on adherence, whereas greater input attenuates this association. Collaborative governance models and culturally adaptable governance emerge as critical mechanisms to enhance policy success. Utilizing advanced regression analysis, predictive modeling, and comparative case studies, the research endeavors to establish empirical connections between institutional adaptability and regulatory effectiveness. Our findings highlight the importance of streamlined regulatory frameworks, targeted stakeholder engagement strategies and culturally informed governance approaches. They add to a larger story of global efforts at sustainability, no-one policy overall works, but you need to be contextual on how, who and where you implement it. Future work should build on this with longitudinal studies of compliance trends and on the integration of economic and technological variables into frameworks of environmental governance. Such an approach would allow policymakers and multinational organizations to greatly improve upon the enforcement of environmental policy by being more flexible, inclusive and region relevant.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdulqadous Abdullah, Hayder Mohammed Hassan, Salah Hassan Maleh Akla, Ghazwan Salim Naamo, Saad T.Y. Alfalahi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AI and machine learning in environmental monitoring: enhancing legal compliance and public trust
As environmental pollution becomes more complex over the years, finding effective monitoring methods becomes crucial. In real-time monitoring, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) models can be integrated to obtain information about air, water, and soil quality assessment. To improve the accuracy of pollution detection and forecasting, this study proposes a comprehensive framework that integrates IoT-enabled sensor networks, predictive AI models, and statistical validation techniques. The article assesses the relative performance of Gradient Boosting Machines (GBM), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, and Transformer-based split networks to predict environmental changes. The study was conducted across multi-domain urban, suburban, and rural monitoring zones using multimodal datasets derived from IoT sensors, remote sensing streams, and laboratory-validated environmental indicators. Similar integrated AI–IoT ecological monitoring strategies have been highlighted in recent literature as essential for sustainable environmental protection and high-fidelity pollution forecasting. The dataset comprised 216 air samples, 144 water samples, and 96 soil assays collected from three monitoring regions. Results show that PM2.5 concentrations decreased by 12% (p < 0.01), water turbidity declined by 15% (p < 0.01), and lead levels in soil were reduced by up to 16.1% in agricultural sites. The GBM model achieved the highest predictive performance with Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) = 2.1 µg/m³, Coefficient of Determination (R²) = 0.94, and F1-Score = 92.0%, outperforming LSTM and Transformer models. Beyond technical performance, this study also highlights the legal and societal dimensions of AI-driven monitoring. By improving accuracy and transparency, these systems strengthen regulatory compliance frameworks while fostering public trust in environmental governance. Understanding how citizens and policymakers perceive the reliability of AI-based platforms is essential to ensuring policy acceptance and compliance behavior. This dual perspective—technological and psychological—illustrates that sustainable outcomes depend not only on advanced algorithms but also on social legitimacy and institutional accountability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Adel Subhe Abedalkader Abraheem, Jameela Khedher Abbas, Duha Khalil Ibrahim Ahmed, Nazar Habeeb Abbas, Baker Mohammed Khalil, Petro Ponochovnyi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digital leadership and behavioral adaptation in higher education: Examining teachers’ digital competency and teaching performance
Universities are confronted with significant potential and problems as a result of the rapid digital change brought about by the arrival of the Industry 4.0 era. In this regard, university administrators' and educators' roles and competences are changing to become more innovative and prepared for the digital age. This study looks at how administrators' digital leadership affects teachers' performance in the classroom and how teachers' digital competency functions as a mediator in Inner Mongolian Chinese colleges. Through the improvement of teachers' digital competency, administrators' digital leadership significantly improves teachers' teaching performance, both directly and indirectly, according to data gathered from 386 university instructors and analysed using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) with AMOS. The results highlight how enhancing teachers' digital competency through focused and ongoing professional development can boost the benefits of digital leadership and raise the calibre of instruction. The theoretical knowledge of digital leadership mechanisms in higher education is enhanced by this study, which also offers useful suggestions for developing instructors who are proficient in digital technology and innovative educational university administrators. By contextualising these findings within Inner Mongolia while connecting them to global trends in digital education, the study also extends the international relevance of digital leadership research.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yuexin Xin, Aida Hanim A. Hamid*, Azlin Norhaini Mansor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Building Confidence, Building Brand: Understanding Institutional Confidence and Brand Equity in Higher Education through University Quality and Strategic Branding
This study explored the initiatives of top-ranked Philippine universities and their confidence in the effectiveness of these initiatives across four domains—course attributes, infrastructure, faculty profile, and research profile—as dimensions of institutional branding. Addressing the gap in literature that often separates branding from quality assurance, the study examined how confidence reflects authentic implementation and institutional integrity. Using a qualitative-descriptive approach, the research analyzed institutional reports, related literature, and thematic evidence from universities ranked in leading Asian listings. Findings revealed that universities demonstrate confidence through coherent and mission-driven practices: industry-aligned curricula that enhance employability and credibility; modernization and transparent governance that build trust and efficiency; comprehensive and participatory faculty development that ensures academic excellence; and policy-driven, nationally aligned research systems that promote innovation and social impact. Overall, the study concludes that institutional confidence emerges not from symbolic recognition but from genuine, data-informed practices embedded in organizational culture. Such confidence transforms branding into a lived expression of quality, accountability, and relevance in Philippine higher education.
Copyright (c) 2025 Marti W. Gregorio, Jason V. Chavez http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Gender-based analysis of teacher empowerment scale: Examining factor structure and rasch model fit in higher education
This study examined the measurement invariance and psychometric properties of the Teacher Empowerment Scale across gender groups in higher education. Using Rasch analysis, 86 items spanning three factors (fostering continuous improvement, teaching ownership and freedom, and work climate and conditions) were analyzed with data from 968 faculty members. Results demonstrated excellent model fit (mean infit/outfit MNSQ ≈1.00) and high reliability (α=0.90-0.93) across all factors. Differential item functioning analysis revealed minimal gender-based variations, with only 5 items in factor 1, 4 items in factor 2, and none in factor 3 showing significant differences. The scale provides fair assessment of teacher empowerment constructs for both male and female educators, supporting previous research findings. Recommendations include implementing the scale confidently while attending to items with differential functioning; refining these items to enhance gender neutrality; extending validation research to additional demographic variables; conducting longitudinal studies; and utilizing the three-factor structure for designing targeted interventions. This research addresses existing gaps regarding gender considerations in scale development, advancing equitable assessment instruments for higher education settings.
Copyright (c) 2025 PANELA, Teody Lester V.* http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sustainable Investment How Green Practices Influence Investor Decision-Making
Sustainable investment represents a major approach through which environmental, social, and governance (ESG) principles are integrated into financial decision-making. This study aims to examine how specific green practices—carbon reduction, waste minimization, and energy efficiency shape financial outcomes and investor behavior. The study investigates the correlation of ESG practices with corporate financial performance, specifically looking at primary metrics such as return on assets (ROA), stock volatility, cost efficiency, and valuation premiums. The study analyzes the association between ESG performance and financial outcomes based on sector-specific analysis using a panel regression model and subgroup comparison of those classi­fied as high, moderate, and low ESG performers. The findings indicate that firms with stronger ESG commitments exhibit higher profitability, lower financial risk, and higher confidence from shareholders. Energy efficiency improvements significantly reduce stock price volatility, thereby reinforcing the stability of sustainable firms. Additionally, waste-reduction strategies decrease operational costs, proving that sustainability initiatives improve operational efficiency. The research also shows that ESG transparency is a key factor in driving valuation premiums, with investors showing a preference for companies able to offer research-based and verifiable sustainability information. Sectoral differences are also evident, with companies in renewable energy and manufacturing gaining the most positive impact, according to the study. The behavioral analysis reveals that institutional investors strongly value ESG transparency as a risk-mitigation tool, while retail investors balance sustainability concerns with short-term return expectations. The results confirm that sustainability practices function as measurable financial instruments rather than solely ethical commitments, strengthening long-term firm value and investor confidence. Practically, the study suggests that robust ESG reporting enhances capital allocation efficiency and increases firms’ attractiveness to long-term, risk-averse investors. These findings demonstrate that sustainability strategies function not only as ethical choices but also as measurable financial instruments shaping investor behavior. The article addresses a critical gap highlighted in recent sustainability scholarship, which emphasizes the insufficient integration of investor psychology and ESG information processing in empirical models of investment decision-making.
Copyright (c) 2025 Saad Mahdi, Hussein Ali Abbas, Nahla Qasim Mohammed Ismail, Abdulrazzaq Tuama Hawas, Matai Nagi Saeed http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Agile Approaches to Project Management in Sustainable Development Initiatives
Background: Agile project management has gained increasing relevance in sustainable development due to its capacity for flexibility, iterative decision-making, and stakeholder-centered processes. Objectives: This study examines how Agile principles enhance the performance of sustainability-oriented projects by evaluating their influence on project success, stakeholder engagement, and resource efficiency. Methods: A mixed-methods design was applied, combining a 30-item survey administered to 150 participants with 20 semi-structured interviews to integrate quantitative outcomes with contextual insights. Results: The findings demonstrate that Agile-driven projects achieve a 90% success rate compared to 75% in traditionally managed projects, while stakeholder satisfaction improves by 2.4 points and resource utilization increases by 20%. Regression modelling (R² = 0.68) further shows that iteration frequency and stakeholder engagement are the strongest predictors of success. Conclusion: The study contributes new evidence on how Agile supports behavioral mechanisms—such as collaboration, trust formation, and adaptive team learning—within sustainability initiatives. These findings underline the potential of Agile as a socio-technical framework capable of strengthening project responsiveness and long-term sustainability outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nabaa Latif, Muhamad Falih Hassan Al-Kanani, Khadijah Zuweid Khalif Mukhayt, Aseel Ibraheem Muhsin, Jamal Alsaidi, Jaroslav Legeta http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Self-initiated vs. organization-initiated Chinese expatriates: how social environment (social support) and spousal support influence psychological adjustment and work performance
Purpose: This study examines how social environmental support and spousal support differentially influence psychological adjustment and work performance between self-initiated expatriates (SIE) and organization-initiated expatriates (OIE) among Chinese international professionals, advancing environmental psychology and social psychology through integration of self-determination theory with cross-cultural adaptation frameworks. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey design collected data from 520 Chinese expatriates across Asia-Pacific, Europe, North America, and emerging markets. Structural equation modeling examined mediation and moderation relationships, while multi-group analysis compared adaptation mechanisms between expatriate types using bootstrap procedures for robust indirect effects estimation. Findings: Psychological adjustment serves as a crucial mediating mechanism linking environmental support to work performance. SIEs demonstrate stronger utilization of social environmental support (β = 0.48 vs. 0.29) and more efficient translation of psychological adaptation into performance outcomes (β = 0.59 vs. 0.44), while OIEs show greater reliance on spousal support (β = 0.41 vs. 0.26). Mediation analysis reveals partial mediation for social environmental support (58% indirect effect) and complete mediation for spousal support (61% indirect effect). Conclusion: The study validates differential person-environment interaction mechanisms between expatriate types, demonstrating that adaptation strategies vary according to motivational orientations and resource configurations underlying international mobility decisions. Practical Implications: Organizations should develop differentiated expatriate management strategies that enhance social environmental resource access for SIEs while strengthening family support systems for OIEs, recognizing the heterogeneous nature of international assignment experiences and the necessity for tailored intervention programs.
Copyright (c) 2025 SHUYANG, FAN, SU TENG, LEE, FURUOKA FUMITAKA http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
From body image to bonding: The role of intimacy in enhancing relationship satisfaction among Malaysian adults
This study investigated the influence of body image on intimacy and relationship satisfaction among Malaysian adults in romantic relationships, with a specific focus on intimacy as a potential mediator. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted with 245 Malaysian participants and the correlational analyses revealed positive associations between body image and intimacy, body image and relationship satisfaction, and a particularly strong positive correlation between intimacy and relationship satisfaction. Mediation analysis confirmed a significant indirect effect, indicating that intimacy fully mediated the relationship between body image and relationship satisfaction. These findings suggest that individuals with higher satisfaction in body image are more likely to experience greater emotional closeness with their partners, which in turn contributes to higher relationship satisfaction. The results emphasize the crucial role of intimacy in shaping relationship quality and suggest that the impact of body image on relationship satisfaction operates through this emotional bond. Mental health professionals in Malaysia may benefit from incorporating these insights into culturally sensitive therapeutic interventions aimed at improving intimacy and communication in couples facing body image concerns.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shubashini Mathialagan , Amos En Zhe Lian, Boon Tao Chew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0