Forum for Linguistic Studies: Announcements
Forum for Linguistic Studies (FLS) is an international, peer-reviewed journal published by Whioce Publishing Pte. Ltd. FLS aims at publishing the latest research results in general and applied linguistics as well as philosophy of language. The journal caters to a comprehensive audience, ranging from language researchers, linguists, teachers, educationalists, practitioners and those with a general interest in language and linguistics. FLS aims to encourage the free exchange of information between researchers by being a forum for the constructive discussion and debate of issues in both theoretical and applied research. FLS welcomes submissions in the form of original articles, review articles, book reviews, editorials, commentaries, letters, perspectives, reports, etc. Papers based on the findings of corpus or experiment-oriented researches are particularly welcomed. Examples of relevant topics are: Phonology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics Cognitive-functional linguistic topics Dialogic studies Language teaching/acquisition/policy Philosophy of language Linguistic landscape
Prof. Dr. Zhonggen Yu Appointed Editor-in-Chief of Forum for Linguistic Studies
How to make Chinese learning more enjoyable through link word and story telling methods
Learning Chinese is a marathon rather than a sprint, which means Chinese learners are expected to put an effort into refining their Chinese language skills on a regular basis in order to achieve their final learning goals. Nevertheless, Chinese learning ( https://www.thatsmandarin.com ) can be tedious in that there are numerous grammar points and rules (https://www.nihaocafe.com/chinese-grammar ) that students need to remember at elementary and intermediate levels. In addition, vocabulary learning can also be a challenge for many students as Chinese words are not presented in letters. Here we would like to give a detailed introduction to two innovative language teaching methods that are designed to make Chinese learning more enjoyable. Link Word Method One of the main problems that many Chinese learners are faced with is how to effectively memorize new vocabulary words. The Chinese language is quite different from European languages in terms of several aspects, including word formation. An ordinary Chinese word usually consists of one or two Chinese characters, behind which there is often a certain logic related to the meaning of the word. However, memorizing the meaning of each separate character contained in a Chinese word might not be the best approach in order for beginners to efficiently expand their vocabulary range. To a certain extent, beginners are more susceptible to sounds when it comes to learning new words. Link Word is a method that takes this factor into account. The essence of the Link Word method lies in the similarity between a Chinese word and an associated English word in terms of their pronunciation. The prerequisite for the Link Word method to be effective is that the two chosen words need to be “linked” to each other through a sentence containing the Chinese word itself and an English word with a similar pronunciation. Therefore, this method aims to help Chinese learners improve their ability to memorize new words by laying stress on how they are pronounced. Let's take a look at the following example to see how it works: Julie是助理。 Julie shì zhù lǐ. The meaning of this sentence is "Julie is an assistant". The learning objective in terms of this sentence is to memorize the word "助理 zhù lǐ", which means "assistant". The pronunciation of this word is very similar to that of the English name "Julie". Therefore, these two words are chosen to be included in the same sentence to help students learn to pronounce this word and hence remember its meaning through a simple English sentence. Story Telling Method Many Chinese learners think it's important to apply what they've learned in class to real-life situations. However, it's not easy for them to conduct conversations on different topics (especially when they're related to academic or professional purposes) in that they need to consider the correct use of sentence structures and choose the appropriate words. Despite the fact that practice makes perfect, rote learning is not the remedy for Chinese learners to improve their speaking skills. Furthermore, it will make the whole learning process long and monotonous. What could make Chinese learning more enjoyable is to make short stories using some of the words learned in the past, through which a student's speaking skills and summarizing ability will be gradually improved. The story telling method is very flexible as students can think of their own scenario and add whatever elements they like to their storyline. Sometimes they are given several pictures and asked to make a story based what they see in the pictures, which is another form of the story telling methodology. Nevertheless, in order to avoid making grammatical mistakes, students are advised to complete story-telling tasks under the guidance of their teachers so that they will be able to improve their Chinese language skills in a relaxed atmosphere. Kids and teenagers are particularly fond of this method as they are usually imaginative and can easily get motivated to create their own stories. As a result, the story telling method can stimulate their interest in learning Chinese and build a solid foundation for future improvement. A student’s learning efficiency largely depends on the teaching methods adopted in class. We hope that the two teaching methods explained above will come in handy at some point to help Chinese learners become more engaged in the learning process.
FLS stopped receiving submissions for Volume 4 Issue 1. Articles submitted then will be arranged to Volume 5 Issue 1, 2023 upon acceptance. Submission deadline for Volume 5 Issue 1 is March 31, 2023.
Congratulations,Forum for Linguistic Studies has been accepted for Scopus!
We are pleased to announce that under the leadership of the Editor-in-Chief and with the support of the entire editorial staff, Forum for Linguistic Studies (FLS) has been accepted by Scopus. The Scopus Content Selection & Advisory Board (CSAB) fully affirmed and spoke highly of it, FLS is a title that has been well designed to reach international visibility and attract a good range of scholars.
The relationship between English and Latin
English and Latin belong to the same language family (Indo-European language family) (English belongs to Germanic language family, while Latin belongs to Roman language family), so they are different in grammar. Modern English writers tried to apply Latin grammar to English, for example, they imposed a rule prohibiting the use of adverbs between to and verbs, which failed to be successfully applied to everyday language. Even so, more than half of English vocabulary comes from Latin. Many English words have evolved from Roman languages, such as French or Italian. And these Romance languages evolved from Latin, For example: Latin: mercēs → French: merci → English: mercy. Some have evolved directly from Latin, For example: Latin: serēnus → English: serene. Others are directly adopted without change, For example: Latin: lārva → English: larva. Thus, a considerable number of English words have evolved from Latin. In addition, some Latin languages have evolved from Greek, E.g.: Greek: schǒlē → Latin: schǒla → old einglish: scōl → modern English: school. After using so many loanwords in English, it really enriches the original monotonous English vocabulary. Many people are used to calling A-Z "English letters", but in fact, they should be called "Latin letters" or "Roman letters". Because the twenty-six letters A-Z in English are Latin letters from Latin. Language is the sum of words spoken by human beings. Words are produced later and are used to record language symbols. So it is not surprising that English is written in Latin letters, because language and writing are two different things. Source from： http://www.oh100.com/peixun/xiaoyuzhong/278689.html https://www.sohu.com/a/192066148_167657
What's the difference between Mandarin and Cantonese?
Many foreigners don't understand whether the official language of China is Mandarin or Cantonese. Let's compare the differences between Mandarin and Cantonese. Number of tones. mandarin consists of four main tones and the fifth "neutral" tone. These tones are composed of high (flat), rising, low (falling), falling and neutral tones. In Pinyin, each tone is represented by an accent on a vowel. For example, we will modify the tone of mandarin vowel "a" as follows: The first sound: ā. Second voice: á Third voice: ǎ The fourth sound: à The fifth tone ("neutral" tone): a The tone of Mandarin seems difficult to understand, but it is even more difficult to understand in Cantonese. That's because Cantonese has six tones. Yes, six! According to the romanization system, there are nine tones in Cantonese. However, it is more common to say that there are nine, because tones 6, 7 and 8 are only shorter versions of tones 9, 1 and 3, and three short ending consonants–p,–t and–k are added. Therefore, Cantonese is often called "9 kinds of sounds and 6 kinds of tones" (nine tones and six tones, Ji ǔ sh ē ng Li Ǫ di à o). written and spoken language. One of the conveniences of mandarin is that there is no difference between written language and spoken language-it is basically written. However, there is a great difference between spoken Cantonese and formal written Cantonese, which will cause headaches for learners! To fully understand this point, we need to quickly browse the history of Chinese written language (written language shūmiànyǔ). Until the 20th century, classical Chinese was used as a formal written language throughout China. It was gradually replaced by Standard Chinese (written form of mandarin based on Beijing dialect). In Hong Kong and other Cantonese-speaking areas, children learn to read and write standard Chinese, but each character is pronounced in Cantonese. However, Cantonese in spoken language usually has a completely different vocabulary set, which causes the difference between its written and oral forms. More and more written and spoken Cantonese-called written Cantonese, based on the spoken version of the language-is on the rise. At present, Cantonese is still the main language in Hong Kong. Number of people Another difference between Mandarin and Cantonese is the number of native speakers. About 92 billion people use Mandarin as their first language, and another 20 billion people use it as their second language. On the other hand, about 840,000 Cantonese native speakers and about 400,000 people speak Cantonese as a second language. Although most Cantonese speakers live in Hong Kong and its surrounding areas, it is worth noting that Chinese mainland also has a large number of Cantonese speakers, especially in Guangdong Province. Therefore, Cantonese is sometimes called Guangdonghua in Chinese mainland. Mandarin and Cantonese speakers can communicate in writing. This is because Mandarin and Cantonese share one written system, although their oral pronunciation is very different. This means that if you are completely proficient in Mandarin, you will have no problem reading newspapers written by people who can only speak Cantonese fluently. Source from： https://studycli.org/zh-CN/learn-chinese/mandarin-vs-cantonese/
Dialectics (derived from Greek δ ι λ ε κ ο ο) is a scientific study of dialects. Dialectics is a subclass of sociolinguistics. It mainly studies language changes according to geographical distribution and its related characteristics. Dialectists are finally concerned about the grammar, vocabulary and phonetic features corresponding to local areas. Therefore, they not only study the people who have lived in a certain area for generations, but also study the immigrant groups who have brought their language to new areas. Different countries have many dialect studies in early times. English dialect studies in early times: Traditional dialectology studies mainly focus on making "dialect maps", that is, drawing imaginary lines on geographical maps to mark different dialect areas. However, the elimination of traditional linguistic research methods makes linguists pay more attention to social factors. Therefore, dialectologists began to study the social and regional differences. Atlas of American Languages is one of the earliest dialect studies that takes social factors into account. Before the advent of sociolinguistics, most dialectology works were based on regions. Hanson Kurath published the Handbook of Linguistic Geography in New England in 1939. Similar works for the mid-Atlantic and South-Atlantic States, the north-central region, the upper-middle western region, the Pacific coast and the Gulf countries were also published later. French dialect studies in early times: In 1880, Jules Guilleron published a set of atlases recording 25 French-speaking regions in Switzerland. In 1888, Guilleron put forward the Atlas of French Languages in response to the investigation of French dialects that might be replaced by standard French put forward by gaston Paris. German dialect studies in early times： In Germany, the first comparative study of dialects was The Dialects of Bavaria published by Johann Andreas Schmiele in 1821, which included a language atlas. In 1876, Edward Seavers published Elements of Phonetics. At the same time, some scholars established neo grammar. This linguistic work has influenced the development of dialectology in German-speaking countries. Source from: https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6
CALL FOR PAPERS Forum for Linguistic Studies Scope & Aim： Forum for Linguistic Studies has been aimed at publishing the latest original research results in the form of research articles, review articles and book reviews in general and applied linguistics, specifically in the fields of cognitive-functional linguistic studies, philosophy of language, conversational analysis, language acquisition, and any other topics on language and linguistics. Papers based on the findings of corpus or experiment-oriented researches on natural language phenomena are particularly welcomed. Manuscripts should include such items as Title, List of authors (Corresponding author), Affiliations, Email addresses, Abstract, Keywords, Introduction, Main body, Conclusion, Acknowledgments and References. All submitted manuscripts should be sent to the email address: ffls_scu@163.com. Editor-in-Chief: Professor Feng Duan (Sichuan University, China) Indexing CNKI Scholar Crossref Google Scholar National Library Board of Singapore Website: http://ojs.whioce.com/index.php/FLS Please note: (1) Manuscript length should be 6 to 15 pages. A research or review article should normally be between 6,000 and 10,000 words when first submitted, while a book review should be between 1500 and 3000 words. The text is double-spaced; uses a 12-point font; Times New Roman; and all illustrations, figures, and tables are placed within the text at the appropriate points, rather than at the end. (2) British or American English spelling may be used provided it is used consistently throughout the paper. (3) The reference style adopted for this issue should be as follows: For journal articles: Petitti DB, Crooks VC, Buckwalter JG, et al. (2005) Blood pressure levels before dementia. Arch Neurol 62(1): 112–116. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.62.1.112. For books: Ohlsen MM, Horne AM, Lowe CF (1988) Group counselling. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, pp. 416. Any other inquiries regarding this issue and the journal should be sent by email to ffls_scu@163.com or contact at 0086-28-85412160.
What is the philosophy of language？ Philosophy of language is a branch of philosophy. Generally speaking, it is the study of linguistic phenomena by contemporary western philosophers, and it is a branch or variant of analytical philosophy. The method it uses is logical analysis of language, which is based on the application of modern mathematical logic. Philosophy of language is one of the most influential and outstanding philosophical schools in modern western philosophy. 2. What are the contents of philosophy of language？ Philosophy of language includes three aspects: a. Linguistic philosophy is a discipline that philosophically considers linguistic universals such as meaning, synonyms, syntax and translation, and studies the logical position and verification methods of linguistic theories. It is a special branch of the philosophy of science, which is juxtaposed with the philosophy of physics and psychology. b. Philosophy of language, including the study of any concept based on the structure and function of natural language or artificial language. For example, Aristotle's philosophical thinking on existence, Russell's special description theory and Lyell's works on the concept of mind are all within the scope of this kind of research. c. Philosophy of language is a philosophical treatise on the nature of language and the relationship between language and reality. 3. Main subjects The study of language is divided into three categories: logical positivism, speech act theory and generative linguistics. The core issues of the study include the following nine aspects: the essence of language; Language turn in the development of western philosophy: Theory of meaning and reference; Meaning and confirmation of language; "image theory", "usage theory" and context; Response theory and speech act theory; The expression and understanding of language; Syntactic analysis of natural language; Methods of logical analysis. Xiang Zhou, et al.,delineated in his paper the experimental turn in philosophy of language before distinguishing armchair theorizing from empirical testing and highlighting the complementarity between the two approaches, and then carry out an analysis of the experimental tools and methods available for philosophical experiments with examples by classifying them into three major types, viz., the method of survey, the method of big data, and the method of cognitive neuroscience. For information, please click: http://ojs.whioce.com/index.php/FLS/article/view/1201 Source from: https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6/9541257 Xiang Zhou, Ya Gao. The experimental turn in philosophy of language. Forum for linguistic studies, 2020, 2(1): 19-26. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18063/fls.v2i1.1201
In the early 19th century, Goethe was keen on studying oriental literature, and published "A Collection of East and West" (1819) and "Hymn of the Four Seasons of China and Germany" (1830). He emphasized the close relationship between eastern and western literature. Goethe was the first scholar to formally put forward the concept of "world literature" in German. On January 31, 1827, in a conversation with his secretary, Aikman, Goethe first praised the legendary Chinese novel "The Legend of a Beautiful Moon", then used the word "Weltliteratur" for the first time, and wrote such a famous text in the history of literary theory: I increasingly believe that poetry is the common property of mankind. Compared with Goethe's talented, sensitive, vague and poetic depiction of world literature, the judgment of "world literature" put forward by the founder of Marxism after 21 years is based on the scientific theories of dialectical materialism, historical materialism and political economy. In the 18th and 19th centuries, European romanticism and critical realism also moved from Europe to the world. Goethe spoke highly of Chinese literature after seeing the legendary Chinese novel "The Legend of a Beautiful Moon", and advised German writers to attach importance to the study and research of foreign literature, jump out of the small circle around them, absorb the good things of foreign literature, and actively communicate with other national literature, so as to jointly promote the early arrival of a new era of world literature. In the process of national literature construction, any nation should not refuse to absorb the excellent literary traditions of foreign nations, but to absorb the things of foreign nations, it must always be combined with the actual literary development of its own nation, with its own cultural traditions and aesthetic habits, and transformed into the things of its own nation. Dialectically, if we interpret and understand "cultural globalization" in a culturally complementary way, the development of national literature and even world literature will have great prospects. Source from: https://zhidao.baidu.com/question/565177745965410604
Book recommendation - A Brief History of European Languages
This paper will recommend several good books, which will help us understand the language development in Europe. Latin language and literature Title: Latino.Grammatica descrittiva Authors: Angelo. Tantucci, Vittorio. Roncoroni Publisher: Poseidonia, 2006.01 A brief history of Italian culture Title: A brief history of Italian culture Editors: Jun Wang, Su’na Wang Publisher: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2021.02 3. Introduction to Italian Literature History Title: Invito alla letteratura-DalSeicentoall Ottocento(Volume1) Authors: Giorgio Barberi Squarotti,Giordano Genghini,Annalisa Pardini Publisher: Atlas 4. Evolution of Italian Title: La storia della lingua italiana attraverso i test Authors: Claudio Marazzini Publisher: Il mulino, 2006 (italy) 5. Italian-Chinese comparative grammar Title: La nuova grammatica della lingua italiana Authors: Maurizio Dardano, Pertro Trifone Publisher: Zanichelli David Porter did a short review about Early modern European languages and literature. For information, please click: http://ojs.whioce.com/index.php/FLS/article/view/1204
Saussure is a famous linguist in Switzerland. Young Grammar School is also called "Personal Psychologism Language School", and its research focuses on the personal factors of language. They understand language as the psychophysiological process of individual speech act and language structure as the direct expression of psychological temperament. Saussure opposed the viewpoint of the Young Grammar School, he focused on social factors, and thought that language was inherited by the collective who used the language according to tradition, and it was a symbolic system that determined individual speech acts, thus forming his later linguistic theory. Saussure thinks that language is a system, that is, a transcendental structure, which is different from what people speak everyday. The characteristics of language are not composed of pronunciation and meaning itself, but a network formed by the relationship between pronunciation and meaning, which becomes a language system, that is, the structure of language. This language system is regarded as a symbol system. Chomsky emphasized that linguistics studies language ability rather than language phenomenon. He divides language into deep structure and surface structure. He explained his structure and transformation method by putting forward the rules of short sentence structure and deduction mode. Phrase structure rules are rules for forming sentences. The first is a set of rules for rewriting phrase structure. For example, a sentence can be defined as consisting of noun phrases and verb phrases, while noun phrases are formed by combining articles with nouns, and verb phrases are formed by combining verbs with nouns. These combined elements are elements of structure, and language is formed by combining these elements. This method of sentence formation is also used to form passive sentences and interrogative sentences. This forms a way to illustrate the generative ability of language in a structuralist way. According to Chomsky's point of view, people have an innate ability to generate language (which he thinks is the function of the brain). Because of this ability, children can say sentences they have not heard after hearing a few sentences. Therefore, the decisive factor in language generation is the generation ability, not the language formed through experience. He put forward that grammar is the deep structure of language, while discourse formed according to language's generative ability and grammar is the surface structure of language. The language structure and the difference between deep structure and surface structure were put forward by Chomsky in 1950s and 1960s, which had great influence at that time and was considered as "initiating a linguistic revolution". By the 1980s, he had turned to think that the concept of brain could be used to explain language phenomena. He did not adopted the rules of language structure any longer , and thought it was "extremely traditional" and still belonged to the traditional grammar. Deep structure and surface structure have been debated endlessly because of their different interpretations in linguistics, and he has indicated that they will no longer be used in his works in 1970s. However, Chomsky's two methodological principles have been widely used by other structuralist thinkers and become an important part of structuralism. Source from: https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/214215417
CALL FOR PAPERS Forum for Linguistic Studies Scope & Aim： Forum for Linguistic Studies has been aimed at publishing the latest original research results in the form of research articles, review articles and book reviews in general and applied linguistics, specifically in the fields of cognitive-functional linguistic studies, philosophy of language, conversational analysis, language acquisition, and any other topics on language and linguistics. Papers based on the findings of corpus or experiment-oriented researches on natural language phenomena are particularly welcomed. Manuscripts should include such items as Title, List of authors (Corresponding author), Affiliations, Email addresses, Abstract, Keywords, Introduction, Main body, Conclusion, Acknowledgments and References. All submitted manuscripts should be sent to the email address: ffls_scu@163.com Editor-in-Chief: Professor Feng Duan (Sichuan University, China) Executive Editor-in-Chief: Guocai Zeng (Sichuan University, China) Website: http://ojs.whioce.com/index.php/FLS Please note: (1) Manuscript length should be 6 to 15 pages. A research or review article should normally be between 6,000 and 10,000 words when first submitted, while a book review should be between 1500 and 3000 words. The text is double-spaced; uses a 12-point font; Times New Roman; and all illustrations, figures, and tables are placed within the text at the appropriate points, rather than at the end. (2) British or American English spelling may be used provided it is used consistently throughout the paper. (3) The reference style adopted for this issue should be as follows: For journal articles: Petitti DB, Crooks VC, Buckwalter JG, et al. (2005) Blood pressure levels before dementia. Arch Neurol 62(1): 112–116. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.62.1.112. For books: Ohlsen MM, Horne AM, Lowe CF. (1988) Group counselling. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, pp. 416. Any other inquiries regarding this issue and the journal should be sent by email to ffls_scu@163.com or contact at 0086-28-85412160.
With the rise of China's economy and science and technology, more and more Chinese people are going to participate in international trade and science & technology exchange activities. Chinese is becoming the world language. On February 22, 2005, British Deputy Minister of Education Kim howells said that English primary and secondary schools are vigorously promoting Chinese teaching, and British people are showing unprecedented enthusiasm for learning Chinese. The British Council trains 30 Chinese teachers every year to make up for the shortage of teachers caused by the upsurge of Chinese learning. It is reported that the number of Russians learning Chinese has tripled in the last decade. About 5,000 Russians studied Chinese in 1997, 17,000 in 2007 and 56,000 in 2017. According to statistics, 39% of Chinese learners study in universities. 31% students study in primary and secondary schools; 25% study in language classes; 5% of people study in Confucius Institutes in China. Anzor Muzayev, deputy director of the Russian Federation's Bureau of Education, Science and Supervision, said recently that hundreds of Russian middle school students will take the Chinese subject examination for the first time in 2019. In the eyes of many Russians, learning Chinese well means having an "stable job", and students who have both professional knowledge background and understand Chinese culture have stronger competitiveness in employment. Xu Ziliang published "A Study on the Differences in the Use of Learning Strategies by Chinese Learners with Different Cognitive Styles", which holds that the differences in cognitive styles directly affect the use of a series of learning strategies, such as attention strategies, information coding, memory strategies, etc., and are also related to the regulation of metacognition, thus contributing to the learning efficiency and learning effect. As one of the most difficult languages in the world, Chinese is spread all over different nationalities and regions with different dialects and intonations. When people from different countries learn Chinese, calligraphy, sentence breaking, and other aspects are really worthy to in-depth study. Source from: Zhou Z. Britain starts to learn Chinese craze (in Chinese). World education information 2005, (5): 10. http://m.ckxx.net/p/141376.html. Xu Z. A study on the differences in the use of learning strategies among Chinese learners with different cognitive styles. International Chinese Language Education 2006, (01): 3-12.
After readers' collection, netizens' voting, experts' selection and media voting, the editorial department of Chewing Words in China selected "Top Ten Popular Words in China in 2018". A community with a shared future. Explanation: The community of destiny, that is, the collective of destiny formed under the same conditions, originated from Community of Shared Future for Mankind. Origin: On March 11, 2018, the first session of the 13th National People's Congress passed the Constitutional Amendment, which changed "developing diplomatic relations and economic and cultural exchanges with other countries" in the Preface to "developing diplomatic relations and economic and cultural exchanges with other countries and promoting the construction of Community of Shared Future for Mankind". The construction of "Community of Shared Future for Mankind" has attracted the attention of all countries, gained global recognition, and became the international consensus to promote the reform of global governance system and build a new type of international relations. Community of Destiny has become a global "hot word". Koi fish，a lucky dog Explanation: koi fish, originally a kind of high-grade ornamental fish, has great ornamental value and is deeply loved by people. Later, "koi fish" began to generally refer to people who are extremely lucky in small probability events. Source: During the National Day of 2018, Alipay official Weibo launched a lucky draw, which was drawn from those who forwarded this lucky draw to Weibo, and the winner was "koi fish, China", attracting more than 3 million reposts. On October 7th, Alipay announced the results of the lucky draw, and the lucky "China koi fish" won the "China koi fish Global Free Gift Package". "koi fish" became popular immediately, and there was a wave of forwarding koi fish images with words such as "koi fish Transshipment", "koi fish Prayer", "koi fish Blessing" and "koi fish Wish" on the Internet. "koi fish" became a symbol of "good luck". The popularity of "koi fish" and the generalization of its significance imply people's yearning for a better life. Waiter Explanation: Originally, it refers to the people who were responsible for receiving customers in tea houses, pubs and hotels. Later, it gradually evolved into a new meaning, which refers to government officials and leaders who promote economic development and provide thoughtful services for enterprises. Source: The enthusiastic attitude and thoughtful service of "Shopkeeper" are important factors for the store to bring customers a wonderful experience. The main leaders of Zhejiang once advocated that government officials and leaders should be "shopkeepers" who serve enterprises and grass-roots units. This year, Shanghai's main leaders also stressed that "the government should strive to be “a good shop assistant". Carrying forward the spirit of "shopkeepers" is a reorientation of the roles of government officials and leaders in the social and economic structure, and a concrete measure to comprehensively deepen reform in the new era. A textbook case Explanation: Describe something that is done in accordance with standards and specifications. Source: In May, 2018, someone uploaded a video of Shanghai police enforcing the law on the street. In the video, law enforcement officers investigate and deal with illegal acts, which are impeccable in both law enforcement procedures and on-site instructions, and have textbook-like standardization, called "textbook-style law enforcement" by netizens. With the popularity of video, "textbook style" has gradually spread. It refers to "standard", "exemplary", "classic", "demonstration" and "perfect", etc., describing something as being done in a very standard and standard way, such as "textbook style performance", "textbook style avoidance", "textbook style design", etc. At the same time, there are some sayings in language use, such as "textbook-style cheating", "textbook-style underlaying" and "textbook-style cheat people", which are the reverse of "textbook-style". Officially announce / official announcement Explanation: It refers to official announcement and news, emphasizing authority and reliability. Source: On October 16, 2018, Zhao Liying and William Feng simultaneously published an "official announcement" on the Weibo, announcing the good news of their marriage. Both of them are stars with numerous fans, and the wedding news has attracted much attention, which has led to crazy forwarding on the Internet. A few days later, "official announcements" appeared in old and new media, all of which were news announced by someone or an organization. "Official announcement" is derived from "official website", meaning "official announcement". Its "official" refers to the owner of certain power. "Official" refers to the government, such as "official personage" and "official news", etc. The unofficial acts of individuals and institutions are called "official", which also means emphasizing their authority and reliability. Soul gaze Explanation: The "confirmed eyes" in the popular network only means "confirmed" and "identified", which is not necessarily related to "eyes". This usage originated from a Weibo posted by a netizen during the Spring Festival (February 15th, 2018), "Confirmed your eyes, you are from Guangdong", in order to spit out the small denomination of Cantonese red envelopes for the New Year. Source: It was confirmed from the eyes, from a lyric in JJ Lin's Drunken Red Cliff: "After confirming the eyes, I met the right person." Withdraw from a group Explanation: Group refers to a group established on social platforms such as WeChat and QQ, which can be used for a certain number of people to communicate; Quit the group, that is, quit the communication group on a social platform. Later, the meaning was extended and the scope of use was expanded. Withdrawing from a group also meant withdrawing from a certain group. Origin: After Trump became president, the United States has successively withdrawn from many international agreements or organizations, such as Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement, Paris Climate Change Agreement, Comprehensive Agreement on Iran's Nuclear Issue, Universal Postal Union, UNESCO and so on. Trump even threatened that the United States would withdraw from the World Trade Organization. Therefore, "retiring from the group" has become a high-frequency hot word and widely appears in news reports. Buddha-like Explanation: The popularity of "Buddhism" reflects the young people's aversion to penny-pinching and irrational disputes, hoping to build a harmonious life order. It has also been said that young people laugh at themselves with "Buddhism", which reflects the helplessness of simply lowering the expectation of life, and reflects an undesirable negative attitude towards life. Source: "Buddhism" is a foreign word. In 2014, a Japanese magazine introduced a "new male variety"-"Buddhist man", that is, a man who loves to be alone, focuses on his personal interests and doesn't want to spend time with the opposite sex. In December 2017, a blog post titled "The First Post-90s Converted to Buddhism" introduced the "Buddhist" lifestyle of young people. Big baby Explanation: This refers to a huge baby. In recent years, people use "giant baby" to refer to adults who are mentally stranded in infancy. This kind of people are self-centered, lack of awareness of rules and moral constraints. Once the situation exceeds their expectations, they will lose control of their emotions, produce excessive irrational behavior and bring disastrous consequences to society. Argumentative person Explanation: Such people often don't ask the truth, ask for right and wrong, oppose for opposition, and argue for argument. Source: "Gang Jing" appeared in 2017. In April of 2018, someone published a cartoon poking fun at "Gang Jing" on the Internet: a girl confessed to a "Gang Jing" and asked to see his mother. "Gang Jing" said: This is the only thing that can't be done, because "Gang Jing" doesn't deserve a mother. Source from: https://language.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201812/05/WS5c0787e4a310eff30328f47e.html https://www.sohu.com/a/279862500_256852
Fancy network buzzwords of America in 2018
Words will have different meanings with different contexts. It is difficult to make friends in a second language in other countries, and this difficulty is not only reflected in the apparent obstacles in listening and speaking, but also comes from the cultural background, generation gap and lack of common topics. This article takes stock of the interesting online buzzwords in America in 2018 for your reference. Lit/Turnt Lit originally meant ignition, but it has been used for a long time to describe drunkenness. Now the most popular usage is "exciting and exciting". Interestingly, the words used to express "drunk" in English turned into excitement, while "drunk" in Chinese meant helplessness. Turnt has the same meaning, which can mean drunk or excited and crazy. RT Retwitter is equivalent to "forwarding Weibo", but you don't need to use this word when browsing Twitter and actually forwarding it, but you can use it in any context where you want to express "I agree". Low Key & High Key For example, I'm low-key aggrieved, which means: "The baby is bitter in his heart, but the baby doesn't say it." Another example is "I'm low-key like this", which is the same meaning as silently liking it. For example, "I low-key hate butterfly, don't tell any one." High-key is often used to express consent, likes and dislikes, which means "strong" and "very". Shade A friend throws shade at you, which means "your makeup artist friend casts a shadow on your face?" But the real meaning is innuendo. This sentence actually means "your friends have some disdain and contempt for you", such as rolling their eyes or sneering. FOMO/JOMO The full name of FOMO is afraid of missing out, which means "fear of falling behind" and "fear of missing something important". it is an adjective, and usually happens in such a situation that there is an activity or place that cannot be missed, but you are not there at all. Make a sentence: "ugh hh I'm feeling fomo right now since all my friends have invited one point." translated as: "well, I lost 100 million yuan, and I feel that all the people in the country except me have drunk a little.” Extra Over-dramatic, too hard. For example, in a very leisure outdoor activity, if you appear in a glittering dress, others will think you are Extra. The Chinese words "too much" and "exaggerated" have similar meanings. Goals Goals, which means dog. Goals express the envy of others, and hope to aim at them and work hard in this direction. For example, if you see an attractive couple, you can describe it as a Couple Goals；. When you see a group of friends playing well, you can describe them as Squad Goals. Basic In China, if you describe something "basic", it is not derogatory, but in the United States, describing a person in basic is like saying that he is ordinary, lacking attraction and charisma. Usually, Basic Girl like things: Instagram filtering, start buckets, UGG boots. Woke "Wake up, stop dreaming" is used differently in America. Usually refers to those who are more knowledgeable, compassionate, and innovative in their thoughts on race and gender topics. Years or decades ago, people didn't pay much attention to gender and ethnic minorities, but as people's awareness increased, people who "awakened" and took the initiative to understand and help these groups could be called Woke. Karaoke Filibuster The word "the act of preventing others from participating in karaoke by choosing an extraordinary long song" refers to those who sing a huge song in one breath and then don't give others a chance at all. These are obviously not enough terms popular in America recently, so where can I search for words and slang that I don't understand? I would like to recommend Urban Dictionary to you, where you can search all kinds of fancy online buzzwords, slang and colloquialism in America and even the whole world. In addition, in the process of communication with Americans, you can also uphold the fine tradition of "ask if you don't understand", humbly ask them about the meaning and usage of words, and finally accumulate all those strange American stalks. If you encounter the same situation in the future, you will be more confident. Next, I will share some buzzwords of China for you all, which has the worldwide language audience like United States. Please stay tuned. Source from: https://www.sohu.com/a/238383309_498171