Environment and Social Psychology

Factors influencing tourists’ intention to adopt classified garbage cans in tourism destination

Yue Gong

Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism, Shanxi Vocational College of Tourism

Yan-Ping Guo

Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism, Shanxi Vocational College of Tourism

Shan-Shan Zhai

Faculty of Art Design, Huanghe Jiaotong University

Philip Pong Weng Wong

School of Hospitality and Service Management, Sunway University

Lei Wang

Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism, Xuzhou University of Technology

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54517/esp.v9i1.1860

Keywords: destination image, hedonic value, pro-environmental value, classified garbage cans adopt intention, value-belief-norm theory

---

Abstract

Tourists who dispose of their trash properly can reduce the environmental problems caused by careless disposal and improve the effectiveness of recycling reusable things, both of which are essential for the pro-environmental growth of tourist attractions. Therefore, it is critical to classify waste in tourist areas so that travelers can practice pro-environmental activity. Few studies, however, have looked on how tourists feel about adopting classified trash cans in tourist destinations. This study examines the relationship between four types of value (altruistic value, biospheric value, collectivistic value, hedonic value), ecological worldview, three types of images (cognitive image, affective image, overall image) and intention to use classified garbage cans. A total of 407 respondents were collected in Taiyuan Ancient County Town via an online survey. Tests of the proposed hypotheses were conducted using SPSS and AMOS, and results showed that altruistic value, biospheric value and collectivistic value positively influenced ecological worldview, and subsequently, influenced cognitive image and affective image respectively. Affective image influenced overall image, while cognitive image has a significant influence on affective image and on overall image. In addition, hedonic value positively influenced cognitive image, and overall image positively influenced intention to use classified garbage cans. Finally, the theoretical, practical implications and limitations were discussed accordingly.

---

References

[1]. Wang S, Wang J, Wang Y, Yan J, Li J. Environmental knowledge and consumers’ intentions to visit green hotels: The mediating role of consumption values. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 2018; 35(9): 1–11. doi:10.1080/10548408.2018.1490234

[2]. Han H, Yu J, Kim HC, Kim W. Impact of social/personal norms and willingness to sacrifice on young vacationers’ pro-environmental intentions for waste reduction and recycling. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 2018; 26(12): 2117–2133. doi:10.1080/09669582.2018.1538229

[3]. Lin S, Wang S, Marinova D, Zhao D, Hong J. Impacts of urbanization and real economic development on CO2 emissions in non-high income countries: Empirical research based on the extended STIRPAT model. Journal of Cleaner Production 2017; 166: 952–966. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.08.107

[4]. Olya H, Akhshik A. Tackling the complexity of the pro-environmental behavior Intentions of visitors to turtle sites. Journal of Travel Research 2019; 58(2): 313–332. doi:10.1177/0047287517751676

[5]. Muñoz E, Navia R. Waste management in touristic regions. Waste Management & Research 2015; 33(7): 593–594. doi:10.1177/0734242X15594982

[6]. Karlsson L, Dolnicar S. Does eco certification sell tourism services? Evidence from a quasi-experimental observation study in Iceland. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 2016; 24(5): 694–714. doi:10.31235/osf.io/3vzk7

[7]. Juvan E, Dolnicar S. The attitude–behaviour gap in sustainable tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 2014; 48: 76–95. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2014.05.012

[8]. Xu L, Sheng L. Perceptual quantitative evaluation of the design appearance of garbage can. In: Kacprzyk J (editors). Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems. Springer; 2021. pp.977–984.

[9]. Singh N, Cranage D, Lee S. Green strategies for hotels: Estimation of recycling benefits. International Journal of Hospitality Management 2014; 43: 13–22. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2014.07.006

[10]. Han H, Yu J, Kim W. Youth travelers and waste reduction behaviors while traveling to tourist destinations. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 2018; 35(9): 1119–1131. doi:10.1080/10548408.2018.1435335

[11]. Wang S, Ji C, He H, Zhang Z, Zhang L. Tourists’ waste reduction behavioral intentions at tourist destinations: An integrative research framework. Sustainable Production and Consumption 2021; 25: 540–550. doi:10.1016/j.spc.2020.12.010

[12]. Park C, Lee S, Lee CK, Reisinger Y. Volunteer tourists’ environmentally friendly behavior and support for sustainable tourism development using Value-Belief-Norm theory: Moderating role of altruism. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management 2022; 25: 100712. doi:10.1016/j.jdmm.2022.100712

[13]. Bilynets I, Cvelbar L. Tourist pro-environmental behaviour: The role of environmental image of destination and daily behaviour. Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights 2022; 3(2): 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.annale.2022.100070

[14]. Stylos N, Vassiliadis C, Bellou V, Andronikidis A. Destination images, holistic images and personal normative beliefs: Predictors of intention to revisit a destination. Tourism Management 2016; 53: 40–60, doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2015.09.006

[15]. Afshardoost M, Eshaghi M. Destination image and tourist behavioural intentions: A meta-analysis. Tourism Management 2020; 81: 104154. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104154

[16]. Lee W, Jeong C. Effects of pro-environmental destination image and leisure sports mania on motivation and pro-environmental behavior of visitors to Korea’ s national parks. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management 2018; 10: 25–35. doi:10.1016/j.jdmm.2018.05.005

[17]. Insch A. Conceptualization and anatomy of green destination brands. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research 2011; 5(3): 282–290. doi:10.1108/17506181111156970

[18]. Liu L. Research on environmentally-friendly trash bin sorting design based on human factors experiment. Industrial Engineering and Innovation Management 2018; 1(1): 17–25. doi:10.23977/ieim.2018.11003

[19]. Song H, Lee CK, Kang S, Boo SJ. The effect of environmentally friendly perceptions on festival visitors’ decision-making process using an extended model of goal-directed behavior. Tourism Management 2012; 33(6): 1417–1428. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2012.01.004

[20]. Stern PC. New environmental theories: Toward a coherent theory of environmentally significant behavior. Journal of Social Issues 2000; 56(3): 407–424. doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00175

[21]. Wang L, Wang ZX, Zhang Q, Jebbouri A, Wong PPW. Consumers’ intention to visit green hotels—A goal-framing theory perspective. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 2022; 30(8): 1837–1857. doi:10.1080/09669582.2021.1977937

[22]. Wang L, Shao YX, Heng JY, Cheng Y, Xu Y, Wang ZX, Wong PPW. A deeper understanding of attitude and norm applicable to green hotel selection. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism 2023; ahead of print: 1–33. doi:10.1080/1528008X.2023.2165594

[23]. Krasny ME. Values, Beliefs, and Attitudes. Cornell University Press; 2020.

[24]. Stern PC, Dietz T, Abel TD, Guagnano G, Kalof L. A value-belief-norm theory of support for social movements: The case of environmentalism. Human Ecology Review 1999; 6(2): 81–97

[25]. Wang L, Zhang Q, Wong PPW. Purchase intention for green cars among Chinese millennials: Merging the value–attitude–behavior theory and theory of planned behavior. Frontiers in Psychology 2022; 13: 786292. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.786292

[26]. Zhang W, Mas'od A, Sulaiman Z. Moderating effect of collectivism on Chinese consumers’ intention to adopt electric vehicles—An adoption of vbn framework. Sustainability 2022; 14(19): 1–37. doi:10.3390/su141912398

[27]. Wang L, Wong PPW, Elangkovan NA. Antecedents of green purchase behaviour: An examination of altruism and environmental knowledge. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research 2020; 14(1): 63–82. doi:10.1108/IJCTHR-02-2019-0034

[28]. Fauzi MA, Hanafiah MH, Kunjuraman V. Tourists' intention to visit green hotels: Building on the theory of planned behaviour and the value-belief-norm theory. Journal of Tourism Futures 2022; ahead of print: 1–22. doi:10.1108/JTF-01-2022-0008

[29]. Özekici YK. Extending value-belief and norm theory with social identity for preventing food waste at restaurants. Turizm Akademik Dergisi 2022; 9(1): 273–291

[30]. Wang L, Wong PPW, Elangkovan NA, Chee WM. Green hotel selection of Chinese consumers: A planned behavior perspective. Journal of China Tourism Research 2019; 15(2): 192–212. doi:10.1080/19388160.2018.1553743

[31]. Wang L, Wong PPW, Elangkovan NA. The demographic impact of consumer green purchase intention toward green hotel selection in China. Tourism and Hospitality Research 2020; 20(2): 210–222. doi:10.1177/1467358419848129

[32]. Schwartz SH. Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In: Zanna MP (editors). Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Academic Press; 1992. pp. 1–65.

[33]. Schwartz S. Normative explanations of helping behavior: A critique, proposal, and empirical test. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 1973; 9(4): 349–364. doi:10.1016/0022-1031(73)90071-1

[34]. Schwartz SH. Normative influences on altruism. In: Berkowitz L (editors). Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Academic Press; 1977. pp. 221–279.

[35]. Kiattipoom K, Han H. Young travelers’ intention to behave pro-environmentally: Merging the value-belief-norm theory and the expectancy theory. Tourism Management 2017; 59: 76–88. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2016.06.018

[36]. Han H. Consumer behavior and environmental sustainability in tourism and hospitality: A review of theories, concepts, and latest research. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 2021; 29(7): 1021–1042. doi:10.1080/09669582.2021.1903019

[37]. Megeirhi HA, Woosnam KM, Ribeiro MA, Ramkissoon H, Denley TJ. Employing a value-belief-norm framework to gauge Carthage residents’ intentions to support sustainable cultural heritage tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 2020; 28(9): 1351–1370. doi:10.1080/09669582.2020.1738444

[38]. Chen MF. An examination of the value-belief-norm theory model in predicting pro-environmental behaviour in Taiwan: The value-belief-norm (VBN) theory model in predicting pro-environmental behaviour. Asian Journal of Social Psychology 2015; 18: 145–151. doi:10.1111/ajsp.12096

[39]. Sánchez-García M, Zouaghi F, Lera-López F, Faulin J. An extended behavior model for explaining the willingness to pay to reduce the air pollution in road transportation. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021; 314: 128134. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128134

[40]. Liobikienė G, Juknys R. The role of values, environmental risk perception, awareness of consequences, and willingness to assume responsibility for environmentally-friendly behaviour: The Lithuanian case. Journal of Cleaner Production 2016; 112: 3413–3422. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.10.049

[41]. Mehrabian A, Russell JA. An approach to environmental psychology. MIT Press; 1980.

[42]. Wang L, Zhang Q, Wong PPW. Impact of familiarity and green image on satisfaction and loyalty among young green hotels’ guests – A developing country’s perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 2022; 13: 899118. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.899118

[43]. Wang J, Wang S, Xue H, Wang Y, Li J. Green image and consumers’ word-of-mouth intention in the green hotel industry: The moderating effect of millennials. Journal of Cleaner Production 2018; 181: 426–436. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.250

[44]. Quazi A, Amran A, Nejati M. Conceptualizing and measuring consumer social responsibility: A neglected aspect of consumer research. International Journal of Consumer Studies 2016; 40(1): 48–56. doi:10.1111/ijcs.12211

[45]. Bagozzi RP. Principles of marketing management. Science Research Associates; 1986.

[46]. Casali GL, Liu Y, Presenza A, Moyle CL. How does familiarity shape destination image and loyalty for visitors and residents? Journal of Vacation Marketing 2020; 27(2): 151–167. doi:10.1177/1356766720969747

[47]. Çavusoglu S, Demirag B, Jusuf E, Gunardi A. The effect of attitudes toward green behaviors on green image, green customer satisfaction and green customer loyalty. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites 2020; 33(4): 1513–1519. doi:10.30892/gtg. 334spl10-601

[48]. Schwartz S, Bilsky W. Toward a universal psychological structure of human values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1987; 53(3): 550–562. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.3.550

[49]. Homer P, Kahle L. A structural equation test of the value-attitude-behavior hierarchy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1988; 54(4): 638–646. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.4.638

[50]. Kang J, Moreno F. Driving value to action: Predictive modeling for environmentally sustainable product purchases. Sustainable Production and Consumption 2020; 23: 224–235. doi:10.1016/j.spc.2020.06.002

[51]. Bidwell D. Tourists are people too: Nonresidents’ values, beliefs, and acceptance of a nearshore wind farm. Energy Policy 2023; 173: 113365. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2022.113365

[52]. Van der Werff E, Steg L, Keizer K. The value of environmental self-identity: The relationship between biospheric values, environmental self-identity and environmental preferences, intentions and behaviour. Journal of Environmental Psychology 2013; 34: 55–63. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2012.12.006

[53]. Sharma R, Gupta A. Pro-environmental behaviour among tourists visiting national parks: Application of value-belief-norm theory in an emerging economy context. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 2020; 25(8): 829–840. doi:10.1080/10941665.2020.1774784

[54]. Martin C, Czellar S. Where do biospheric values come from? A connectedness to nature perspective. Journal of Environmental Psychology 2017; 52: 56–68. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2017.04.009

[55]. Wang CP, Zhang Q, Wong PPW, Wang L. Consumers’ green purchase intention to visit green hotels: A value-belief-norm theory perspective. Frontiers in Psychology 2023; 14: 1139116. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1139116

[56]. Cao H, Li F, Zhao K, Qian C, Xiang T. From value perception to behavioural intention: Study of Chinese smallholders’ pro-environmental agricultural practices. Journal of Environmental Management 2022; 315: 115179. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115179

[57]. Steg L, Bolderdijk JW, Keizer K, Perlaviciute G. An integrated framework for encouraging pro-environmental behaviour: The role of values, situational factors and goals. Journal of Environmental Psychology 2014; 38: 104–115. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.01.002

[58]. Hajiheydari N, Delgosha MS. Citizens' support in social mission platforms: Unravelling configurations for participating in civic crowdfunding platforms. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 2023; 189: 122366. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122366

[59]. Gu S. The effects of subjective knowledge, altruistic value and consumer self-confidence on the green purchase attitudes and green purchase behaviour of Chinese customers. Turyzm/Tourism 2022; 32(2): 7–27. doi:10.18778/0867-5856.32.2.01

[60]. Wibowo SF, Najib M, Sumarwan U, Asnawi YH. Rational and moral considerations in organic coffee purchase intention: Evidence from Indonesia. Economies 2022; 10(12): 308. doi:10.3390/economies10120308

[61]. Landon AC, Woosnam KM, Boley BB. Modeling the psychological antecedents to tourists’ pro-sustainable behaviors: An application of the value-belief-norm model. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 2018; 26(6): 957–972. doi:10.1080/09669582.2017.1423320

[62]. Lee S, Park E, Lee C. An integrated model of travelers’ pro-environmental decision-making process:The role of the new environmental paradigm. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 2018; 23(10): 935–948. doi:10.1080/10941665.2018.1513051

[63]. Rahman I, Reynolds D. Predicting green hotel behavioral intentions using a theory of environmental commitment and sacrifice for the environment. International Journal of Hospitality Management 2016; 52: 107–116. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2015.09.007

[64]. Sadiq M, Adil M, Paul J. Eco-friendly hotel stay and environmental attitude: A value-attitude-behaviour perspective. International Journal of Hospitality Management 2022; 100: 103094. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.103094

[65]. Hughner RS, McDonagh P, Prothero A, Shultz ICJ, Stanton J. Who are organic food consumers? A compilation and review of why people purchase organic food. Journal of Consumer Behaviour 2007; 6: 94–110. doi:10.1002/cb.210

[66]. Wang Z, Nie L, Jeronen E, Xu L, Chen M. Understanding the environmentally sustainable behavior of Chinese university students as tourists: An integrative framework. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2023; 20(4): 1–17. doi:10.3390/ijerph20043317

[67]. Cho YN, Thyroff A, Rapert M, Park SY, Lee H. To be or not to be green: Exploring individualism and collectivism as antecedents of environmental behavior. Journal of Business Research 2013; 66(8): 1052–1059. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.08.020

[68]. Morren M, Grinstein A. Explaining environmental behavior across borders: A meta-analysis. Journal of Environmental Psychology 2016; 47: 91–106. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.05.003

[69]. Bouman T, Steg L. Motivating society-wide pro-environmental change. One Earth 2019; 1(1): 27–30. doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2019.08.002

[70]. Garg A, Goel P, Sharma A, Rana N. As you sow, so shall you reap: Assessing drivers of socially responsible investment attitude and intention. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 2022; 184: 12030. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2022.122030

[71]. Chen T, Wu Z. Employing a sort of “we” based VBN model to gauge Chinese tourists’ intentions to support low-carbon tourism. Acta psychologica 2022; 230: 103761. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103761

[72]. Kirmani M, Khan MN. Environmental concern to attitude towards green products: Evidences from India. Serbian Journal of Management 2016; 11(2): 159–179. doi:10.5937/sjm11-9241

[73]. Goh YN, Wahid N. A review on green purchase behaviour trend of Malaysian consumers. Asian Social Science 2014; 11(2): 103–110. doi:10.5539/ass.v11n2p103

[74]. Kumar S, Sreen N. Role of internal and external values on green purchase. In: Naidoo V, Verma R (editors). Green marketing as a positive driver toward business sustainability. IGI Global; 2020. pp. 158–185.

[75]. Çetinkaya NÇ. Effect of product color lightness on hedonic food consumption: The regulatory role of hedonic and extrinsic value. Alanya Akademik Bakış 2022; 6(2): 2527–2543. doi:10.29023/alanyaakademik.1100545

[76]. Wang E, Yu JR. Effect of product attribute beliefs of ready-to-drink coffee beverages on consumer-perceived value and repurchase intention. British Food Journal 2016; 118(12): 2963–2980. doi:10.1108/BFJ-03-2016-0128

[77]. Holbrook M, Hirschman E. The experiential aspects of consumption: Consumer fantasies, feelings, and fun. Journal of Consumer Research 1982; 9(2): 132–140. doi:10.1086/208906

[78]. Zuckerman MS. Dimensions of Sensation Seeking. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1971; 36(1): 45–52. doi:10.1037/h0030478

[79]. Carbone L, Haeckel S. Engineering customer experiences. Marketing Management 1994; 3(3): 8–19.

[80]. Kim SH, Holland S, Han HS. A structural model for examining how destination image, perceived value, and service quality affect destination loyalty: A case study of Orlando. International Journal of Tourism Research 2013; 15(4): 313–328. doi:10.1002/jtr.1877

[81]. Ramseook-Munhurrun P, Seebaluck NV, Naidoo P. Examining the structural relationships of destination image, perceived value, tourist satisfaction and loyalty: Case of mauritius. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 2015; 175: 252–259. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.1198

[82]. Patwary AK, Rasoolimanesh SM, Rabiul MK, Aziz RC, Hanafiah MH. Linking environmental knowledge, environmental responsibility, altruism, and intention toward green hotels through ecocentric and anthropocentric attitudes. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 2022; 34(12): 4653–4673. doi:10.1108/IJCHM-01-2022-0039

[83]. Ogunbode C. The NEP scale: Measuring ecological attitudes/worldviews in an African context. Environment Development and Sustainability 2013; 15(6): 1477–1494. doi:10.1007/s10668-013-9446-0

[84]. Eid R, Agag G, Shehawy YM. Understanding guests’ intention to visit green hotels. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research 2021; 45(3): 494–528. doi:10.1177/1096348020947800

[85]. Elhoushy S, Salem IE, Agag G. The impact of perceived benefits and risks on current and desired levels of outsourcing: Hotel managers’ perspective. International Journal of Hospitality Management 2020; 91: 102419. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.102419

[86]. Corral-Verdugo Vc. Dual ‘realities’ of conservation behavior: Self-reports vs observations of re-use and recycling behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology 1997; 17(2): 135–145. doi:10.1006/jevp.1997.0048

[87]. Baloglu S. The relationship between destination Images and sociodemographic and trip characteristics of international travelers. Journal of Vacation Marketing 1997; 3(3): 221–233. doi:10.1177/135676679700300304

[88]. Crompton J. An assessment of the image of Mexico as a vacation destination and the influence of geographical location upon that image. Journal of Travel Research 1979; 17(4): 18–23. doi:10.1177/004728757901700404

[89]. Assaker G. Examining a hierarchical model of Australia’ s destination image. Journal of Vacation Marketing 2014; 20(3): 195–210. doi:10.1177/1356766714527104

[90]. Kotler P, Haider DH, Rein IJ. Marketing places: Attracting investment, industry and tourism to cities, states and nations, 1st ed. Free Press; 1993.

[91]. Khan MY, Mendes J. The impact of terrorism on tourism destination image and development. Asian Administration and Management Review 2018; 1(2): 71–87.

[92]. Stylos N, Andronikidis A. Exploring the cognitive image of a tourism destination. Tourismos: An international multidisciplinary journal of tourism 2013; 8(3): 77–97.

[93]. Bigné E, Sanchez I, Blas S. The functional – psychological continuum in the cognitive image of destination: A confirmatory analysis. Tourism Management 2009; 30(5): 715–723. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2008.10.020

[94]. Rodríguez-del-Bosque I, Gutiérrez H. Tourist satisfaction a cognitive-affective model. Annals of Tourism Research 2008; 35(2): 551–573. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2008.02.006

[95]. Kim S, Lehto X, Kandampully J. The role of familiarity in consumer destination image formation. Tourism Review 2019; 74(4): 885–901. doi:10.1108/TR-10-2018-0141

[96]. Baloglu S, McCleary KW. A model of destination image formation. Annals of Tourism Research 1999; 26(4): 868–897. doi:10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00030-4

[97]. Gartner W. Temporal influence on image change. Annals of Tourism Research 1986; 13(4): 635–644. doi:10.1016/0160-7383(86)90006-X

[98]. Chew YT, Jahari S. Destination image as a mediator between perceived risks and revisit intention: A case of post-disaster Japan. Tourism Management 2014; 40: 382–393. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2013.07.008

[99]. Woosnam K, Stylidis D, Ivkov M. Explaining conative destination image through cognitive and affective destination image and emotional solidarity with residents. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 2020; 28(6): 1–19. doi:10.1080/09669582.2019.1708920

[100]. 100.Papadimitriou D. Destination image components and word-of-mouth intentions in urban tourism: A multigroup appraoch. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research 2018; 42(4): 503–527. doi:10.1177/1096348015584443

[101]. Chapuis J, Falher C, Gonzalez M. Destination image, perceived risk and intention to visit; 2015, 1–19. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jean-Chapuis/publication/278666956_Destination_image_perceived_risk_and_intention_to_visit/links/5581a39f08ae6cf036c16bb0/Destination-image-perceived-risk-and-intention-to-visit.pdf

[102]. Martín HS, del Bosque, IAR. Exploring the cognitive—Affective nature of destination image and the role of psychological factors in its formation. Tourism Management 2008; 29(2): 263–277. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2007.03.012

[103]. Alcocer NH, Ruiz VRL. The role of destination image in tourist satisfaction: The case of a heritage site. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja 2020; 33(1): 2444–2461. doi:10.1080/1331677X.2019.1654399

[104]. Saunders M, Lewis P, Thornhill A. Research methods for business students, 5th ed. Pearson Education; 2011.

[105]. Neuman WL. Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Pearson Education; 2002.

[106]. Hair Jr JF, Black WC, Babin BJ, Tatham RL. Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective, 7th ed. Pearson Prentice Hall; 2010.

[107]. Kline RB. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling, Fourth ed. Guilford; 2015.

[108]. Soliman M. Extending the Theory of Planned Behavior to Predict Tourism Destination Revisit Intention. International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Administration 2021; 22(5): 524–549. doi:10.1080/15256480.2019.1692755

[109]. Ragab H, Mahrous AA, Ghoneim A. Egypt’s perceived destination image and its impact on tourist’s future behavioural intentions. International Journal of Tourism Cities 2019; 6(2): 449–466. doi:10.1108/IJTC-12-2018-0105

[110]. Hulland J, Baumgartner H, Smith KM. Marketing survey research best practices: Evidence and recommendations from a review of JAMS articles. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 2018; 46(1): 92–108. doi:10.1007/s11747-017-0532-y

[111]. Podsakoff PM, MacKenzie SB, Lee JY, Podsakoff NP. Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology 2003; 88(5): 879–903. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879

[112]. Henseler J, Ringle CM, Sarstedt M. A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 2015; 43(1): 115–135. doi:10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8

[113]. Wang L, Wong PPW. Marketing of environmentally friendly hotels in China through religious segmentation: A theory of planned behaviour approach. Tourism Review 2021; 76(5): 1164–1180. doi:10.1108/TR-08-2019-0327

[114]. Karimi S, Mohammadimehr S. Socio-psychological antecedents of pro-environmental intentions and behaviors among Iranian rural women: An integrative framework. Frontiers in Environmental Science 2022; 10: 979728. doi:10.3389/fenvs.2022.979728

[115]. Elhoushy S, Jang S. Religiosity and food waste reduction intentions: A conceptual model. International Journal of Consumer Studies 2021; 45: 287–302. doi:10.1111/ijcs.12624

[116]. Stylidis D, Woosnam KM, Ivkov M, Kim SS. Destination loyalty explained through place attachment, destination familiarity and destination image. International Journal of Tourism Research 2020; 22(5): 604–616. doi:10.1002/jtr.2359

[117]. Arun TM, Kaur P, Bresciani S, Dhir A. What drives the adoption and consumption of green hotel products and services? A systematic literature review of past achievement and future promises. Business Strategy and the Environment 2021; 30(5): 2637–2655. doi:10.1002/bse.2768

[118]. Bahl P, Kumar S. Green purchase behaviour among young generation: Meditating role of purchase intention. Think India Journal 2019; 22(10): 5262–5283.