Open Journal Systems

Spiritual Intelligence, happiness and success of students in select higher education institutions of University of Delhi

Shivani Raheja, Renu Gupta, Gayatri Yadav

Article ID: 1984
Vol 9, Issue 6, 2024, Article identifier:

VIEWS - 1328 (Abstract) 419 (PDF)

Abstract

Research background: Spiritual Intelligence (SI), often quoted as Spiritual Quotient (SQ) by some, means becoming aware of (realising) and expressing one’s innate spiritual qualities (love, peace, bliss, and purity) through cognitive thinking, attitude, and behaviour. Once we are aware of the true purpose of our being in the universe, our spiritual qualities help us in drawing spiritual strength to remain stable in all situations (Emotional Intelligence), be neutral towards negativity, truly understand others, and be at peace with not just one’s own self but with others and the world at large. When Spiritual Intelligence is applied in the workplace setting, it helps in aligning personal values with a clear sense of purpose, enhancing our power to accept change and adapt to newer perspectives in life. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between spiritual intelligence, happiness and academic achievement among the students of University of Delhi. In this paper, an attempt has been made to understand the predominant factors strengthening spiritual intelligence and to critically evaluate the relationship between students’ spiritual intelligence, happiness, and academic achievement. Research methodology: Responses of 240 students at the undergraduate level from different colleges under the University of Delhi were studied to find out their level of spiritual intelligence, happiness and academic intelligence. Oxford Happiness Questionnaire, SISRI-24 Spiritual Intelligence Measurement Scale of D. King, and a self-designed Questionnaire known as Academic Achievement Assessment Tool for assessing the Academic Intelligence of the students were used by the authors as the data gathering tools. Findings/results: The results indicate that the Spiritual Intelligence and Happiness of the students are positively and significantly related to one another on both an overall basis and also in the case of males and females specifically at 1% significance level. However, this association was found to be more prominent for female students. Originality/value/novelty: The study offers future directions and implications for higher education practitioners. It also suggests that Spiritual Intelligence would be beneficial for the students as it increases their psychological well-being and for the betterment of the global society as a whole.

Keywords

spiritual intelligence; spiritual quotient; emotional intelligence; happiness; academic achievement; higher education institutions; University of Delhi

Full Text:

PDF



References

1. Zohar D. Rewiring the Corporate Brain: Using the New Science to Rethink How We Structure and Lead Organizations. Berrett-Koehler Publishers; 1997.

2. Zohar D, Marshall I. The Masters Forum. Available online: http://mfinley.com/experts/zohar/zohar_precis.htm (accessed on 12 December 2022).

3. Raheja S. Relevance of Integrity, Morality, and Ethics in the Contemporary World. IARS International Research Journal. 2020, 10(1). doi: 10.51611/iars.irj.v10i1.2020.107

4. Zohar D, Marshall I. SQ: Connecting with our spiritual intelligence. Bloomsbury; 2000.

5. Wigglesworth C. Spiritual Intelligence: What is it? How can we measure it? Why would business care? Conscious Pursuits; 2003.

6. Amram Y. The seven Dimensions of Spiritual Intelligence: An Ecumenical, Grounded Theory. In: Proceedings of the 115th Annual Conference of the American Psychological Association; 17–20 August 2007; San Francisco, USA.

7. Halama P, Striženec M. Spiritual, existential or both? Theoretical considerations on the nature of “higher” intelligences. Studia Psychologica. 2004, 46(3): 239–253.

8. Noble KD. Spiritual intelligence: A new frame of mind. Spirituality and Giftedness. 2000, 9: 1–29.

9. Mayer JD. Spiritual Intelligence or Spiritual Consciousness? International Journal for the Psychology of Religion. 2000, 10(1): 47–56. doi: 10.1207/s15327582ijpr1001_5

10. Gardner H. Intelligence reframed: Multiple intelligences for the 21st century. Basic Books; 1999.

11. Emmons RA. The psychology of ultimate concerns: Motivation and spirituality in personality. Guilford Press; 1999.

12. King DB. Rethinking claims of spiritual intelligence: A definition, model, and measure. Trent University; 2008.

13. Griffiths R. 3Q Institute. Available online: https://sqi.co/defnition-of-spiritual-intelligence/ (accessed on 12 December 2022).

14. Nazam F. Gender difference on spiritual intelligence among adolescents. Indian Journal of Applied Research. 2014, 4(11): 423.

15. Kumar VV, Mehta M. Gaining adaptive orientation through spiritual and emotional intelligence. In: Chauhan AK, Nathawat SS (editors). New facets of positivism. Macmillan Publishers; 2011. pp: 281–301.

16. Macdonald JJ. Spiritual health in older men. Paper presented at the Interactive Seminar on Older Men and Community Building. 2002.

17. Moalemi S, Raghibi M, Salari Dargi Z. Comparison of the spiritual intelligence and mental health among addict and non-addict individuals. The Journal of Medical Science University of Shahid Sodoghi of Yazd. 2010, 18(3): 234–242.

18. Leach MM, Lark R. Does spirituality add to personality in the study of trait forgiveness? Personality and Individual Differences. 2004, 37(1): 147–156. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2003.08.007

19. Tajeri B, Bahirayi AR. The survey of the relationship between stress, religious attitude, and awareness of the acceptance of the exceptional children in mothers. Research in Exceptional Children. 2008, 8(2): 205–224.

20. King DB, DeCicco TL. A Viable Model and Self-Report Measure of Spiritual Intelligence. International Journal of Transpersonal Studies. 2009, 28(1): 68–85. doi: 10.24972/ijts.2009.28.1.68

21. Peerzadah SA, Mufti S, Nazir NA. Review and Analysis of a New Intelligence: The Spiritual Intelligence. International Journal of Advance and Innovative Research. 2018, 5(4): 309–318.

22. Amram Y, Dryer CD. Integrated Spiritual Intelligence Scale: Development and Preliminary Validation. PsycEXTRA Dataset. Published online 2008. doi: 10.1037/e507962008-001

23. Wigglesworth C. Spiritual Intelligence. Handbook of Faith and Spirituality in the Workplace. Published online November 7, 2012: 441–453. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5233-1_27

24. Hashemi SA, Abbasi A. Determining the Mediating Role of Psychological Well-Being in the Relationship Between Spiritual Intelligence and Life Satisfaction of Nurses Working in Lamerd City. Journal of Client-centered Nursing Care. Published online August 30, 2017: 169–178. doi: 10.32598/jccnc.3.3.169

25. Mohamad M, Mokhtar HH, Samah AA. Person-Centered Counseling with Malay Clients: Spirituality as an Indicator of Personal Growth. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2011, 30: 2117–2123. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.411

26. Vaughan F. What is Spiritual Intelligence? Journal of Humanistic Psychology. 2002, 42(2): 16–33. doi: 10.1177/0022167802422003

27. Smartt MJ. The relationship of spiritual intelligence to achievement of secondary students [PhD thesis]. Liberty University; 2014.

28. Eccles JS. Engagement: Where to next? Learning and Instruction. 2016, 43: 71–75. doi: 10.1016/j.learninstruc.2016.02.003

29. Chase PA, Warren DJA, Lerner RM. School Engagement, Academic Achievement, and Positive Youth Development. Promoting Positive Youth Development. Published online 2015: 57–70. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-17166-1_4

30. Jang H, Kim EJ, Reeve J. Why students become more engaged or more disengaged during the semester: A self-determination theory dual-process model. Learning and Instruction. 2016, 43: 27–38. doi: 10.1016/j.learninstruc.2016.01.002

31. Wang Y. Construction Elements and Path of Practical Education Model in Universities. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education. 2017, 13(10). doi: 10.12973/ejmste/78525

32. Tu X. The Role of Classroom Culture and Psychological Safety in EFL Students’ Engagement. Frontiers in Psychology. 2021, 12. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.760903

33. Xie F, Derakhshan A. A Conceptual Review of Positive Teacher Interpersonal Communication Behaviors in the Instructional Context. Frontiers in Psychology. 2021, 12. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.708490

34. Tleubay ST, Zhauynshiyeva ZB, Yessimkulova SS, et al. The emotional intelligence development of future English language teachers. International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies. 2023, 6(3): 667–681. doi: 10.53894/ijirss.v6i3.1742

35. Zhen X, Liu Q. The impact of a teacher’s professional identity on his/her occupational happiness: The mediating role of psychological capital. Nurture. 2023, 17(3): 394–406. doi: 10.55951/nurture.v17i3.359

36. Shaw I. Society and mental health: the place of religion. Mental Health Review Journal. 2008, 13(1): 4–7

37. Ahmad F, binti Muhammad M, Abdullah AA. Religion and Spirituality in Coping with Advanced Breast Cancer: Perspectives from Malaysian Muslim Women. Journal of Religion and Health. 2010, 50(1): 36–45. doi: 10.1007/s10943-010-9401-4

38. Hills P, Argyle M. The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: a compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences. 2002, 33(7): 1073–1082. doi: 10.1016/s0191-8869(01)00213-6

39. Francis LJ, Brown LB, Lester D, et al. Happiness as stable extraversion: A cross-cultural examination of the reliability and validity of the Oxford Happiness Inventory among students in the U.K., U.S.A., Australia, and Canada. Personality and Individual Differences. 1998, 24(2): 167–171. doi: 10.1016/s0191-8869(97)00170-0

40. Francis LJ, Katz YJ. Internal Consistency Reliability and Validity of the Hebrew Translation of the Oxford Happiness Inventory. Psychological Reports. 2000, 87(1): 193–196. doi: 10.2466/pr0.2000.87.1.193

41. Lu L, Shih JB. Personality and happiness: Is mental health a mediator? Personality and Individual Differences. 1997, 22(2): 249–256. doi: 10.1016/s0191-8869(96)00187-0


DOI: https://doi.org/10.54517/esp.v9i6.1984
(1328 Abstract Views, 419 PDF Downloads)

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2024 Shivani Raheja, Renu Gupta, Gayatri Yadav

License URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/