Open Journal Systems

Impact of empathic skills to social intelligence

Blerim Hetemi, Kaltrina Abazi, Blerta Kryeziu, Adnan Hoxha, Vjose Hajrullahu, Florim Gallopeni, Besarta Taganoviq

Article ID: 2176
Vol 8, Issue 3, 2023, Article identifier:

VIEWS - 394 (Abstract) 302 (PDF)

Abstract

Introduction: Empathy, or being empathetic, is the meaning of the inner framework of others with the precision and the emotional component and understanding the other was a person, but never lost; as a state. Being empathic, also known as comprehending another’ inner workings precisely and emotionally, and realizing that the other person was once a person but is now a state. Social intelligence is the ability to understand and manage people. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the knowledge that nursing students and students carry about empathic skills and social intelligence. Methods: This research is descriptive and quantitative. It is cross-sectional research. The Empathy quotient (EQ) questionnaire is used to measure empirical skills. The questionnaire Messi Methodology was used to measure social intelligence. The study involved a participant pool of 150 individuals. Results and discussion: From the findings through the correlation analysis, there has been a positive correlation between empathic skills and social intelligence with r = 0.301 and p = 0.010 *. The model explains 12% of variance and is significant with p = 0.028, where from the three explanatory factors only social intelligence with p = is significant 0.007 **, while gender and age do not appear to be significant explanations for empathic skills. Research findings show that there is a link between empathic skills and social intelligence where our first hypothesis is confirmed. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study highlights the necessity to differentiate between different types of empathy while confirming the robust correlation between social intelligence and empathy. It refutes the notion that empathy varies with age by showing constant values throughout the age spectrum. Despite the fact that gender was not a significant effect, this highlights the significance of recognizing gender differences in empathic abilities.


Keywords

empathy; social intelligence; nursing students; pupils

Full Text:

PDF



References

1. Albrecht AR. Integrating railway track maintenance and train timetables. Published online 2009.

2. Cuff BM, Brown SJ, Taylor L, Howat DJ. Empathy: A review of the concept. Emotion Review 2016; 8(2): 144–153. doi: 10.1177/1754073914558466

3. Kliszcz J, Hebanowski M, Rembowski J. Emotional and cognitive empathy in medical schools. Academic Medicine 1998; 73(5): 541. doi: 10.1097/00001888-199805000-00025

4. Frankovský M, Birknerová Z. Measuring social intelligence—The MESI methodology. Asian Social Science 2014; 10(6): 90. doi: 10.5539/ass.v10n6p90

5. King Jr SH. The structure of empathy in social work practice. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment 2011; 21(6): 679–695. doi: 10.1080/10911359.2011.583516

6. Hasgul E, Serpen AS. Empathy’s importance in social work practices. In: Papanikos GT (editor). An Anthology of Social Themes. Athens Institute for Education and Research; 2016. pp. 213–222.

7. King Jr S, Holosko MJ. The development and initial validation of the empathy scale for social workers. Research on Social Work Practice 2012; 22(2): 174–185. doi: 10.1177/1049731511417136

8. Batson CD. The Altruism Question: Toward a Social-Psychological Answer. Psychology Press; 2014.

9. Reynolds WJ, Scott B. Empathy: A crucial component of the helping relationship. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 1999; 6(5): 363–370. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2850.1999.00228.x

10. Rumble AC, Van Lange PAM, Parks CD. The benefits of empathy: When empathy may sustain cooperation in social dilemmas. European Journal of Social Psychology 2010; 40(5): 856–866. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.659

11. Ferguson E. Empathy: “The good, the bad and the ugly.” In: Wood AM, Johnson J (editors). The Wiley Handbook of Positive Clinical Psychology. Wiley Blackwell; 2016. pp. 103–123.

12. Bove LL. Empathy for service: Benefits, unintended consequences, and future research agenda. Journal of Services Marketing 2019; 33(1): 31–43. doi: 10.1108/jsm-10-2018-0289

13. Decety J. Empathy in medicine: What it is, and how much we really need it. The American Journal of Medicine 2020; 133(5): 561–566. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.12.012

14. Winter R, Issa E, Roberts N, et al. Assessing the effect of empathy-enhancing interventions in health education and training: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials. BMJ Open 2020; 10(9): e036471. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036471

15. Walsh S, O’Neill A, Hannigan A, Harmon D. Patient-rated physician empathy and patient satisfaction during pain clinic consultations. Irish Journal of Medical Science 2019; 188(4): 1379–1384. doi: 10.1007/s11845-019-01999-5

16. Cancio EJ, Albrecht SF, Johns BH. Defining administrative support and its relationship to the attrition of teachers of students with emotional and behavioral disorders. Education and Treatment of Children 2013; 36(4): 71–94. doi: 10.1353/etc.2013.0035

17. Weis S, Süß HM. Social intelligence—A review and critical discussion of measurement concepts. In: Schulze R, Roberts RD (editors). Emotional intelligence: An International Handbook. Hogrefe & Huber Publishers; 2005. pp. 203–230.

18. Thorndike EL. Intelligence and Its Uses. Harper’s Magazine; 1920. pp. 227–235.

19. Boyatzis RE. Competencies as a behavioral approach to emotional intelligence. Journal of Management Development 2009; 28(9): 749–770. doi: 10.1108/02621710910987647

20. Goleman D. The socially intelligent. Educational Leadership 2006; 64(1): 76–81.

21. Honeywill R. The Man Problem: Destructive Masculinity in Western Culture. Springer; 2016

22. Azañedo CM, Sastre S, Artola T, et al. Social intelligence and psychological distress: Subjective and psychological well-being as mediators. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020; 17(21): 7785. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17217785

23. Sanwal T, Sareen P. The relevance of social intelligence for effective optimization of retirement and successful ageing. Ageing International 2021; 48(1): 247–262. doi: 10.1007/s12126-021-09469-z

24. Hojat M. Empathy in Patient Care: Antecedents, Development, Measurement, and Outcomes. Springer; 2007.

25. Jolliffe D, Farrington DP. Development and validation of the basic empathy scale. Journal of Adolescence 2006; 29(4): 589–611. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.08.010

26. Sinclair S, Beamer K, Hack TF, et al. Sympathy, empathy, and compassion: A grounded theory study of palliative care patients’ understandings, experiences, and preferences. Palliative Medicine 2017; 31(5): 437–447. doi: 10.1177/0269216316663499

27. Preckel K, Kanske P, Singer T. On the interaction of social affect and cognition: empathy, compassion and theory of mind. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 2018; 19: 1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.07.010

28. Neumann M, Bensing J, Mercer S, et al. Analyzing the “nature” and “specific effectiveness” of clinical empathy: A theoretical overview and contribution towards a theory-based research agenda. Patient Education and Counseling 2009; 74(3): 339–346. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2008.11.013

29. Yu J, Kirk M. Measurement of empathy in nursing research: systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2008; 64(5): 440–454. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04831.x

30. Hogan R. Development of an empathy scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1969; 33(3): 307–316. doi: 10.1037/h0027580

31. Allison C, Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright SJ, et al. Psychometric analysis of the Empathy Quotient (EQ). Personality and Individual Differences 2011; 51(7): 829–835. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2011.07.005

32. Silvera D, Martinussen M, Dahl TI. The Tromsø Social Intelligence Scale, a self‐report measure of social intelligence. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 2001; 42(4): 313–319. doi: 10.1111/1467-9450.00242

33. Ford ME, Tisak MS. A further search for social intelligence. Journal of Educational Psychology 1983; 75(2): 196–206. doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.75.2.196

34. Levett-Jones T, Lathlean J. Belongingness: A prerequisite for nursing students’ clinical learning. Nurse Education in Practice 2008; 8(2): 103–111. doi: 10.1016/j.nepr.2007.04.003

35. Schutte NS, Malouff JM, Bhullar N. The assessing emotions scale. In: Stough C, Saklofske DH, Parker JDA (editors). Assessing Emotional Intelligence: Theory, Research, and Applications. Springer; 2009. pp. 119–134.

36. Mayer JD, Salovey P. Emotional intelligence and the construction and regulation of feelings. Applied and Preventive Psychology 1995; 4(3): 197–208. doi: 10.1016/S0962-1849(05)80058-7

37. Onufriieva L, Chaikovska O, Kobets O, et al. Social intelligence as a factor of volunteer activities by future medical workers. Journal of History Culture and Art Research 2020; 9(1): 84–95. doi: 10.7596/taksad.v9i1.2536

38. Ouzouni C, Nakakis K. An exploratory study of student nurses’ empathy. Health Science Journal 2012; 6(3): 534–552.

39. Ardenghi S, Russo S, Luciani M, et al. The association between dispositional mindfulness and empathy among undergraduate nursing students: A multicenter cross-sectional study. Current Psychology 2023; 42(18): 15132–15140. doi: 10.1007/s12144-022-02829-1

40. Jia-Ru J, Yan-Xue Z, Wen-Nv H. Empathy ability of nursing students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine 2022; 101(32): e30017. doi: 10.1097/md.0000000000030017

41. Rogers CR. Empathic: An unappreciated way of being. The Counseling Psychologist 1975; 5(2): 2–10. doi: 10.1177/001100007500500202

42. Marcus ER. Empathy, humanism, and the professionalization process of medical education. Academic Medicine 1999; 74(11): 1211–1215. doi: 10.1097/00001888-199911000-00014

43. Zeldow PB, Daugherty SR. The stability and attitudinal correlates of warmth and caring in medical students. Medical Education 1987; 21(4): 353–357. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2923.1987.tb00375.x

44. Schutte NS, Malouff JM, Bobik C, et al. Emotional intelligence and interpersonal relations. The Journal of Social Psychology 2001; 141(4): 523–536. doi: 10.1080/00224540109600569

45. Polit DF, Beck CT. Essentials of Nursing Research: Appraising Evidence for Nursing Practice. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2020.

46. Kaukiainen A, Björkqvist K, Lagerspetz K, et al. The relationships between social intelligence, empathy, and three types of aggression. Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression 1999; 25(2): 81–89. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(1999)25:2<81::AID-AB1>3.0.CO;2-M

47. Alcorta-Garza A, González-Guerrero JF, Tavitas-Herrera SE, et al. Validation of the Jefferson Medical Empathy Scale in Mexican medical students (Spanish). Salud Mental 2005; 28(5): 57–63.

48. Huang L, Thai J, Zhong Y, et al. The positive association between empathy and self-esteem in Chinese medical students: A multi-institutional study. Frontiers in Psychology 2019; 10: 1921. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01921

49. Feighny K, Arnold L, Monaco M, et al. In pursuit of empathy and its relationship to physician communication skills: Multidimensional empathy training for medical students. Annual of Behavioral Medicine 1998; 5: 13–21.

50. Wilkes M, Milgrom E, Hoffman JR. Towards more empathic medical students: A medical student hospitalization experience. Medical Education 2002; 36(6): 528–533. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2923.2002.01230.x

51. Markham B. Can a behavioral science course change medical students’ attitudes? Journal of Psychiatric Education 1979; 3(1): 44–54. doi: 10.1007/BF03399722

52. Ward J, Cody J, Schaal M, Hojat M. The empathy enigma: An empirical study of decline in empathy among undergraduate nursing students. Journal of Professional Nursing 2012; 28(1): 34–40. doi: 10.1016/j.profnurs.2011.10.007

53. Chen D, Lew R, Hershman W, Orlander J. A cross-sectional measurement of medical student empathy. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2007; 22(10): 1434–1438. doi: 10.1007/s11606-007-0298-x

54. Khalifesoltani F, Nilchian F, Yosefi A, Hosseinpour K. Empathy levels in undergraduate and postgraduate dental students in Isfahan Faculty of Dentistry in 2011. Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad Pakistan 2012; 753–762.

55. Hajibabaee F, Farahani MA, Ameri Z, et al. The relationship between empathy and emotional intelligence among Iranian nursing students. International Journal of Medical Education 2018; 9: 239–243. doi: 10.5116/ijme.5b83.e2a5

56. Costa P, Salgueira AP, Magalhães E, Costa MJ. Empathy in senior year and first year medical students: A cross-sectional study. BMC Medical Education 2011; 11(1): 52. doi: 10.1186/1472-6920-11-52

57. Hoffman ML. Sex differences in empathy and related behaviors. Psychological Bulletin 1977; 84(4): 712–722. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.84.4.712

58. Lakin JL, Chartrand TL, Arkin RM. I am too just like you: Nonconscious mimicry as an automatic behavioral response to social exclusion. Psychological Science 2008; 19(8): 816–822. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02162.x

59. Sonnby–Borgström M. Automatic mimicry reactions as related to differences in emotional empathy. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 2002; 43(5): 433–443. doi: 10.1111/1467-9450.00312

60. Niedenthal PM, Mermillod M, Maringer M, Hess U. The Simulation of Smiles (SIMS) model: Embodied simulation and the meaning of facial expression. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2010; 33(6): 417–433. doi: 10.1017/s0140525x10000865

61. Bertakis KD, Helms LJ, Callahan EJ, et al. The influence of gender on physician practice style. Medical Care 1995; 33(4): 407–416. doi: 10.1097/00005650-199504000-00007

62. Deng X, Chen S, Li X, et al. Gender differences in empathy, emotional intelligence and problem-solving ability among nursing students: A cross-sectional study. Nurse Education Today 2023; 120: 105649. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2022.105649


DOI: https://doi.org/10.54517/esp.v8i3.2176
(394 Abstract Views, 302 PDF Downloads)

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2023 Blerim Hetemi, Kaltrina Abazi, Blerta Kryeziu, Adnan Hoxha, Vjose Hajrullahu, Florim Gallopeni, Besarta Taganoviq

License URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/