Investigating Macao migrant workers’ job burnout in food and beverage industry: A perceived stigma perspective
Vol 9, Issue 11, 2024, Article identifier:
VIEWS - 68 (Abstract) 58 (PDF)
Abstract
Migrant workers comprise half of the workforce in Macao, and stigmatization is a typical characteristic of the group. Previous studies have researched the impact of stigmatization on related behaviors such feeling shame to seek help and perceiving resistance and vulnerability as stigmatized identities, but few have focused on the workplace behavior of stigmatized employees. We surveyed 312 mainland migrant workers in Macao using self-administered questionnaires and used structural equation models and regression to analyze data. Findings illustrated that perceived stigma leads to job burnout (β1=0.24, p<0.001) whereas role stress acts as a mediating variable (β2=0.19, p<0.001) in the process. In addition, self-efficacy and organizational support buffer role stress mediating effect. The mediated moderator analysis found that when migrant workers are at a high-level self-efficacy or perceive high-level organization support, the mediation effect of role stress has been reduced to insignificant. In contrast, when migrant workers perceive middle or low-level self-efficacy and organization support perceptions, role stress has been in effect in transmitting stigmatization perception to job burnout. Results are aligned with the conservation of resources theory and job-demand theory. This study extends stigmatization study from sociology to the organization behavior studies. It is contended that Macao government, society, and employers need to offer sufficient support to migrant workers to buffer the effects of stigmatization, reduce their job burnout, and improve migrant workers’ health and well-being status.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
1. Le H, Nielsen K, Noblet A. The well-being and voice of migrant workers in participatory organizational interventions. International Migration Review. 2022;60(3):52-71. doi:10.1111/imig.12885
2. No. 21/2009 Macao Non-local Resident Employment Law, (2009).
3. Barbier M, Dardenne B, Hansez I. A longitudinal test of the Job Demands–Resources model using perceived stigma and social identity. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 2013;22(5):532-546. doi:10.1080/1359432X.2012.698056
4. Bianchi R, Verkuilen J, Brisson R, Schonfeld IS, Laurent E. Burnout and depression: Label-related stigma, help-seeking, and syndrome overlap. Psychiatry Research 2016;245:91-98. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.08.025
5. Sim A, Wee V. Undocumented Indoesian Workers in Macao. Critical Asian Studies. 2009;41(1):165-188. doi:10.1080/14672710802631210
6. Shi W. Cultural politics of emotions in households: migrant domestic workers in Macao. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies. 2017;18(4):464-481. doi:10.1080/14649373.2017.1387090
7. Bernardo AB, Daganzo MAA, Ocampo ACG. Abusive supervision and well-being of Filipino migrant workers in Macao: Consequences for self-esteem and heritage culture detachment. Social Indicators Research. 2018;139:277-292. doi:10.1007/s11205-016-1446-7
8. Bernardo ABI, Daganzo MA, Burgos JFC. Heritage Culture Detachment Predicts Hope and Well-Being of Filipino Migrant Workers: A Study of Low- and Semi-skilled Filipino Workers in Macao. Psychological Studies. 2022;67(3):372-384. doi:10.1007/s12646-022-00661-y
9. Ju B, Sandel TL. Adaptation of Mainland Chinese labour migrants in Macao. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research. 2019;48(3):257-273. doi:10.1080/17475759.2019.1611624
10. Hall BJ, Garabiles MR, Latkin CA. Work life, relationship, and policy determinants of health and well-being among Filipino domestic Workers in China: A qualitative study. BMC Public Health 2019;19:229-238. doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6552-4
11. Endriulaitienė A, Žardeckaitė-Matulaitienė K, Pranckevičienė A, Markšaitytė R, Tillman DR, Hof DD. Self-Stigma of seeking help and job burnout in mental health care providers: the comparative study of Lithuanian and the USA samples. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health. 2019;34(2):129-148. doi:10.1080/15555240.2019.1586549
12. O’Donnell J, Weitz TA, Freedman LR. Resistance and vulnerability to stigmatization in abortion work. Social Science & Medicine. 2011;73(9):1357-1364. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.08.019
13. Rani A, Thomas PT. Stress and perceived stigma among parents of children with epilepsy. Neurological Sciences. 2019;40(7):1363-1370. doi:10.1007/s10072-019-03822-6
14. Moyce SC, Schenker M. Migrant Workers and Their Occupational Health and Safety. Annual Review of Public Health. 2018;39(1):351-365. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013714
15. Li JJ. Does Wage Discrimination Exist between Macao Local and Non-local Labor? Hou Keng. 2023(31):87-109.
16. Chang C-C, Lin C-Y, Gronholm PC, Wu T-H. Cross-Validation of Two Commonly Used Self-Stigma Measures, Taiwan Versions of the Internalized Stigma Mental Illness Scale and Self-Stigma Scale–Short, for People With Mental Illness. Assessment. 2018;25(6):777-792. doi:10.1177/1073191116658547
17. Li Q, Chi P, Hall BJ, Wu Q, Du H. Job stress and depressive symptoms among migrant workers in Macao: A moderated mediation model of self-esteem and perceived social support. Psychology Journal. 2019;8(3):307-317. doi:10.1002/pchj.298
18. LeBel TP. Perceptions of and Responses to Stigma. Sociology Compass. 2008;2(2):409-432. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2007.00081.x
19. Janiak E, Freeman S, Maurer R, Berkman LF, Goldberg AB, Bartz D. Relationship of job role and clinic type to perceived stigma and occupational stress among abortion workers. Contraception. 2018;98(6):517-521. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2018.07.003
20. Martin LA, Debbink M, Hassinger J, Youatt E, Harris LH. Abortion providers, stigma and professional quality of life. Contraception. 2014;90(6):581-587. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2014.07.011
21. Martin LA, Hassinger JA, Seewald M, Harris LH. Evaluation of Abortion Stigma in the Workforce: Development of the Revised Abortion Providers Stigma Scale. Womens Health Issues. 2018;28(1):59-67. doi:10.1016/j.whi.2017.10.004
22. Mosley EA, Martin L, Seewald M, Hassinger J, Blanchard K, Baum SE, et al. Addressing Abortion Provider Stigma: A Pilot Implementation of the Providers Share Workshop in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2020;46:35-50. doi:10.1363/46e8720
23. Cho H-J, Kang K, Park K-Y. Health-related quality of life of migrant workers: a systematic literature review. BMC public health. 2023;23(1):1004. doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15981-5
24. Hargreaves S, Rustage K, Nellums LB, McAlpine A, Pocock N, Devakumar D, et al. Occupational health outcomes among international migrant workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Global Health. 2019;7(7):e872-e882. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30204-9
25. Choe J, O’Regan M, Kimbu AN. Filipino migrant workers’ leisure and subjective quality of life in Macao. World Leisure Journal. 2020;62(3):242-260. doi:10.1080/16078055.2020.1798052
26. Robbins SP, Judge TA. Organizational Behavior 15th Edition. Essex: Prentice Hall; 2012.
27. Kleim B, Vauth R, Adam G, Stieglitz R-D, Hayward P, Corrigan P. Perceived stigma predicts low self-efficacy and poor coping in schizophrenia. Journal of Mental Health. 2008;17(5):482-491. doi:10.1080/09638230701506283
28. Trau RNC. The Impact of Discriminatory Climate Perceptions on the Composition of Intraorganizational Developmental Networks, Psychosocial Support, and Job and Career Attitudes of Employees with an Invisible Stigma. Human Resource Management. 2015;54(2):345-366. doi:10.1002/hrm.21630
29. Shen H, Huang C. Domestic migrant workers in China’s hotel industry: an exploratory study of their life satisfaction and job burnout. International Journal of Hospitality Management. 2012;31(4):1283-1291. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.02.013
30. Xiao Y, Miao S, Sarkar C, Geng H, Lu Y. Exploring the Impacts of Housing Condition on Migrants' Mental Health in Nanxiang, Shanghai: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach. International Journal Environment Research Public Health. 2018;15(2):225-239. doi:10.3390/ijerph15020225
31. Chang Y-T, Fong E. The challenge of retaining highly educated migrants in tourism destinations: Case comparison of Macao and Hong Kong. Cities. 2023;137:104286. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2023.104286
32. Tesfaw G, Kibru B, Ayano G. Prevalence and factors associated with higher levels of perceived stigma among people with schizophrenia Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. International Journal of Mental Health Systems. 2020;14(1):19-27. doi:10.1186/s13033-020-00348-9
33. Pescosolido BA, Martin JK. The Stigma Complex. Annual Review of Sociology. 2015;41:87-116. doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-071312-145702
34. Luken M, Sammons A. Systematic Review of Mindfulness Practice for Reducing Job Burnout. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2016;70(2):1-10. doi:10.5014/ajot.2016.016956
35. Maslach C, Schaufeli WB, Leiter MP. Job Burnout. Annual Review of Psychology. 2001;52(1):397-422. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397
36. Kahn RL, Wolfe DM, Quinn RP, Snoek JD, Rosenthal RA. Organizational stress: Studies in role conflict and ambiguity. Oxford, England: John Wiley; 1964. xii, 470-xii, 470 p.
37. Peterson MF, Smith PB, Akande A, Ayestaran S, Bochner S, Callan V, et al. Role conflict, ambiguity, and overload: A 21-nation study. Academy of Management Journal. 1995;38(2):429-452.
38. Salvagioni DAJ, Melanda FN, Mesas AE, González AD, Gabani FL, Andrade SMd. Physical, psychological and occupational consequences of job burnout: A systematic review of prospective studies. PloS One 2017;12(10):e0185781.
39. Riggle RJ, Edmondson DR, Hansen JD. A meta-analysis of the relationship between perceived organizational support and job outcomes: 20 years of research. Journal of Business Research. 2009;62(10):1027-1030. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.05.003
40. Rhoades L, Eisenberger R. Perceived organizational support: a review of the literature. Journal of Applied Psychology. 2002;87(4):698.
41. Eisenberger R, Rhoades Shanock L, Wen X. Perceived Organizational Support: Why Caring About Employees Counts. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior 2020;7:101-124. doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012119-044917
42. Bandura A. Self-efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co; 1994.
43. Bandura A. Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs; 1986.
44. Grover SL, Teo ST, Pick D, Roche M, Newton C. Psychological capital as a personal resource in the JD-R model. Personnel Review. 2018;47(4):968-984. doi:10.1108/PR-08-2016-0213
45. Shoji K, Cieslak R, Smoktunowicz E, Rogala A, Benight CC, Luszczynska A. Associations between job burnout and self-efficacy: A meta-analysis. Anxiety, Stress, Coping. 2016;29(4):367-386.
46. Ghafoor A, Haar J. Does job stress enhance employee creativity? Exploring the role of psychological capital. Personnel Review. 2022;51(2):644-661. doi:10.1108/PR-08-2019-0443
47. Hobfoll SE, Halbesleben J, Neveu J-P, Westman M. Conservation of Resources in the Organizational Context: The Reality of Resources and Their Consequences. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior 2018;5(1):103-128. doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104640
48. Hobfoll SE. Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist. 1989;44(3):513-524. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
49. Demerouti E, Bakker AB, Nachreiner F, Schaufeli WB. The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology. 2001;86(3):499-512. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499
50. Bakker AB, Demerouti E, Sanz-Vergel AI. Burnout and Work Engagement: The JD–R Approach. Annual review of organizational psychology and organizational behavior. 2014;1(1):389-411. doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091235
51. Bakker AB, Demerouti E. Job demands–resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology. 2017;22(3):273-285. doi:10.1037/ocp0000056
52. Harris LH, Debbink M, Martin L, Hassinger J. Dynamics of stigma in abortion work: Findings from a pilot study of the Providers Share Workshop. Social Science & Medicine. 2011;73(7):1062-1070. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.07.004
53. Wu G, Hu Z, Zheng J. Role Stress, Job Burnout, and Job Performance in Construction Project Managers: The Moderating Role of Career Calling. International Journal of Environmental Research and Publich Health. 2019;16(13):2493. doi:10.3390/ijerph16132394
54. Schmidt S, Roesler U, Kusserow T, Rau R. Uncertainty in the workplace: Examining role ambiguity and role conflict, and their link to depression—a meta-analysis. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 2014;23(1):91-106. doi:10.1080/1359432X.2012.711523
55. Wulandari R, Djawoto D, Prijati P. The influence of delegative leadership style, motivation, work environment on employee performance in self-efficiency mediation in SNVT housing provision of East Java Province. Budapest International Research Critics Institute-Journal. 2021;4(3):3294-3311.
56. Zhou Y, Huang X. The Study of Physical Dirty Worker Occupational Stigma Coping Strategies: Scale Development and Predictive Effects. Human Resources Development of China. 2020;37(09):38-56.
57. Pinel EC. Stigma consciousness: The psychological legacy of social stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1999;76(1):114-128. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.1.114
58. Pinel EC, Paulin N. Stigma consciousness at work. Basic and Applied Social Psychology. 2005;27(4):345-352. doi:10.1207/s15324834basp2704_7
59. Shantz A, Booth JE. Service employees and self-verification: The roles of occupational stigma consciousness and core self-evaluations. Human Relations. 2014;67(12):1439-1465. doi:10.1177/0018726713519280
60. Shen JL, Hu XY, Liu X. Left-over Children's Perceived Discrimination: Its Characteristics and Relationship with Personal Well Being. Journal of Henan University (Social Science). 2009;49(06):116-121.
61. Zhou Y, Huang X. High-prestige-occupation Worker Occupational Stigma Perception and Employee Well-being: Based on Cognitive Dissonance Perspective. Business and Management Journal. 2018;40(04):84-101. doi:10.19616/j.cnki.bmj.2018.04.006
62. Zhou Y, Huang X, Ouyang K. Activity or Avoidance: Occupational Stigma, Self-evaluation and Task Performance. Foreign Economics & Management. 2020;42(08):50-67.
63. Li CP, Zhang Y. The Effects of Role Stressors on Physical Health and Mental Health among Chinese Teachers. Psychological Development and Education. 2009;25(1):114-119.
64. Chen XD, Chen H, Luo WC. An Inverted U-shaped Relationship between Helping Behavior and Career Growth: The Mediating Role of Role Stressor and the Moderating of Job Autonomy. China Human Resource Development. 2020;37(04):51-63.
65. Schwarzer R, Bäßler J, Kwiatek P, Schröder K, Zhang JX. The assessment of optimistic self‐beliefs: comparison of the German, Spanish, and Chinese versions of the general self‐efficacy scale. Applied Psychology 1997;46(1):69-88.
66. Shen J, Benson J. When CSR Is a Social Norm:How Socially Responsible Human Resource Management Affects Employee Work Behavior. Journal of Management. 2016;42(6):1723-1746. doi:10.1177/0149206314522300
67. Maslach C, Jackson SE. The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior 1981;2(2):99-113.
68. Li CP, Shi K. The Influence of Distributive Justice and Procedural Justice on Job Burnout. Acta Psychologica Sinica. 2003(5):677-684.
69. Ma ZL, Yu JT, Wang L. The double-edged sword effect of telecommuting on the telecommuter's innovation performance Science Research Management. 2023;44(8):173-182.
70. Preacher KJ, Hayes AF. SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers. 2004;36(4):717-731. doi:10.3758/BF03206553
71. Wen ZL, Zhang L, Hou JT. Mediated Moderator and Moderated Mediator. Acta Psychologica Sinica. 2006;38(03):448-452.
72. Wen Z, Ye B. Different methods for testing moderated mediation models: Competitors or backups? Acta Psychologica Sinica. 2014;46(5):714-726.
73. Podsakoff PM, MacKenzie SB, Lee JY, Podsakoff NP. Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology. 2003;88(5):879-903. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
74. Babin BJ, Griffin M, Hair JF. Heresies and sacred cows in scholarly marketing publications. Journal of Business Research. 2016;69(8):3133-3138. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.12.001
DOI: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v9i11.3280
(68 Abstract Views, 58 PDF Downloads)
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2024 Wei Hong, Wenjing Li, Zhiyi Chen
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.