China-ASEAN Qualifications Framework: Pathways to mutual recognition
Vol 9, Issue 2, 2024, Article identifier:
VIEWS - 552 (Abstract) 242 (PDF)
Abstract
Developing a mutual recognition mechanism for China-ASEAN qualification framework of vocational education is essential for creating a fair, freely mobile lifelong learning system that will enable learner to carry and accumulate their learning outcomes across the region. By formulating and implementing unified standards, mutual recognition of qualifications across domains, industries and regions will be promoted, fostering greater collaboration and mobility between educational institutions and workplaces. To achieve this objective, China and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) have undertaken extensive preparations and explorations at the policy, organizational and functional levels. The development commitments outlined in the “Vision 2030 of China-ASEAN Strategic Partnership” provide a framework for the establishment of a mutual recognition mechanism, while the existing promotion measures of all parties demonstrate their commitment to realizing this vision. This paper proposes the concept of five development stages of mutual recognition of national qualification frameworks (NQFs) in vocational education, which will gradually establish the mutual recognition mechanism of regional NQFs. This mechanism will not only promote greater collaboration and mobility between learners, educational institutions, and workplaces but also achieve the ultimate goal of comprehensive development of people and society in the region.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
1. International Labour Office. An Introductory Guide to National Qualifications Frameworks. Available online: https://reurl.cc/Ny9OZe (accessed on 20 April 2023).
2. State Council (China). National Vocational Education Reform Implementation Plan. Available online: https://reurl.cc/gDqYzQ (accessed on 20 April 2023).
3. UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning. Global Inventory of Regional and National Qualifications Frameworks 2019 (Volume I). Available online: https://reurl.cc/AAN3bZ (accessed on 20 April 2023).
4. Li MH, Zeng SW. Research on the construction of national qualifications framework in the age of lifelong learning (Chinese). Education and Vocation 2020; 2: 28–35. doi: 10.13615/j.cnki.1004-3985.2020.02.004
5. Information Office of the State Council of China. Outline of the national medium & long-term educational reform and development plan (2010–2020) (Chinese). Available online: https://reurl.cc/Ovy5yR (accessed on 2 September 2023).
6. Zhang X, Chen L. Research on the application of “credit bank” system in lifelong education (Chinese). Journal of Distance Education 2022; 40(1): 57–63. doi: 10.13541/j.cnki.chinade.20220101.002
7. Ministry of Education (China), (2018). The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued “China’s Education Modernization 2035” [Press release] (accessed on 2 September 2023)
8. Ministry of Education (China). National Vocational Education Reform Implementation Plan.
9. Li MH, Zeng SW. Research on the construction of NQF in the age of lifelong learning (Chinese). Available online: https://reurl.cc/o7a8Yv (accessed on 2 September 2023).
10. Guangdong Provincial People’s Government. Implementing opinions on carrying out the development plan for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (Chinese). Available online: https://reurl.cc/jDn3dD (accessed on 2 September 2023).
11. National Center for Vocational Education and Training. Notice on authorized release of the list of the fourth round of vocational education and training evaluation organizations and vocational skill level certificates participating in the pilot of the 1+X certificate system. 1+X Vocational Skill Level Certificate Information Management Service Platform (Chinese). Available online: https://reurl.cc/WvgA49 (accessed on 2 September 2023).
12. Lu Z. Connotation analysis and construction strategy of teaching innovation team building for vocational teachers in colleges and universities (Chinese). Contemporary Vocational Education 2022; 2: 88–95. doi: 10.16851/j.cnki.51-1728/g4.2022.02.002
13. Wei J, Li G, Chen R, et al. Research on the construction and development of “Double-Qualified” teaching staff in higher vocational colleges from the perspective of industry-education integration (Chinese). Shanxi Youth 2023; 9: 118–120. doi: CNKI:SUN:SXQS.0.2023-09-039
14. State Counsil (China). National implementation plan for vocational education reform (Chinese) 2018; Available online: https://reurl.cc/eDrll7 (accessed on 2 September 2023).
15. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. Li Keqiang’s speech at the 21st China-ASEAN Leaders’ Meeting (Chinese). Available online: https://reurl.cc/eDNXkR (accessed on 2 September 2023).
16. Ministry of Education (China). Educational Action Plan for the Belt and Road Initiative 2016;
17. Available online: https://reurl.cc/nDKdxd (accessed on 2 September 2023).
18. Zhu X, Zhang XN.Retrospect and prospect of China’s participation in global education governance in the 10th Anniversary of the Belt and Road Initiative (Chinese). Contemporary Education Forum 2023. doi: 10.13694/j.cnki.ddjylt.20230811.001
19. Liao T, Ma J. Digitally propelling the high-quality development of vocational. 2023; 23(2): 21–27. doi: 10.15903/j.cnki.jniit.2023.02.003
20. Fu Q, Wu C. Exploring the path of improving the quality of higher vocational education from the perspective of lifelong education. Journal of Hubei Open University 2023; 1: 46–50. doi: 10.CNKI:SUN:HGDB.0.2023-01-009
21. Zhou ZY, Ran YF, Shi WP.Reformation and reflection on the integration policy of vocational education, production, and finance from the perspective of Multi-Source Theory (Chinese). Vocational Education Forum, 7: 111–119. doi: cnki:sun:zjlt.0.2023-07-014
22. Zhou XM. Industry-education integration: The development path of vocational education in China (Chinese). Continuing Education Research 2023; 9: 85–90. doi: 10.cnki:sun:jixe.0.2023-09-018
23. Du, J.T. Multiple Logics, Realistic Dilemmas, and Innovative Paths of the Linking System Construction of Vocational Education (Chinese). Education and Vocation, 2023; 14: 26-32.
24. Li J, Tang XN. Dilemmas, opportunities, and practical directions for the high-quality development of secondary vocational education: Guided by the newly revised “Vocational Education Law of the People’s Republic of China.” Vocational Education Communication. 2023; 7: 24–31. doi: cnki:sun:ZJTX.0.2023-07-003
25. Chen L, Tang X. Policy-oriented analysis of the national “Internet plus Education” strategy (Chinese). Educational Technology Research. 2023; 7: 5–12, 36. doi: 10.13811/j.cnki.eer.2023.07.001.
26. Zhou XM. Industry-education integration: The development path of vocational education in China. Continuing Education Research 2023; 9: 85–90. doi: 10.cnki:sun:jixe.0.2023-09-018
27. Wang LS. Speech by Wang Li Sheng at the 8th China ASEAN Education Exchange Week Conference Qualification Framework Construction and International Cooperation in Vocational Education (Chinese). Available online: https://reurl.cc/v7YqeN (accessed on 2 September 2023)
28. Viet NQ. Competence-based vocational education and training in Vietnam: Input and process towards learning outcomes. In: Mulder M (editor). Competence-based Vocational and Professional Education. Technical and Vocational Education and Training: Issues, Concerns and Prospects. Springer, Cham 2017; Volume 23. pp. 469–487. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-41713-4_22
29. Dung MQ. Labor Mobility Within ASEAN Countries: Policy and Practice. DEMIS. Demographic Research, 2023; 3(1): 102-111. doi: 10.19181/demis.2023.3.1.8
30. Rahman Z.U. A comprehensive overview of China’s belt and road initiative and its implication for the region and beyond. Journal of Public Affairs 2020; 22(1): e2298. doi: 10.1002/pa.2298
31. Sirat, M., Azman, N., and Bakar, A.A. Towards harmonization of higher education in Southeast Asia: Malaysia’s perspective. Available online: https://reurl.cc/8jgY8y (accessed on 2 September 2023).
32. Bulletin. Brunei Darussalam Qualifications Framework to Be Established. Brunei Times 2013; Available online: https://reurl.cc/GAGV4D (accessed on 2 September 2023).
33. Patton MQ. Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods: Integrating Theory and Practice. SAGE publications; 2014.
34. Charmaz K. Constructing Grounded Theory, 2nd ed. SAGE; 2014.
35. Feng KJK, Gao A, Karras JS. Towards Semantically aware word cloud shape generation. In: Adjunct Proceedings of the 35th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology; 29 October–2 November 2022; Bend, OR, USA. doi: 10.1145/3526114.3558724
36. Ballantine JH, Hammack FM. The Sociology of Education: A Systematic Analysis, 20th ed. Routledge; 2016.
37. Väyrynen R. Norms, compliance and enforcement of global governance. In: Raimo Väyrynen: A Pioneer in International Relations, Scholarship and Policy-Making. Springer, Cham; 2022. pp. 433–454.
38. Tuck R. An introductory guide to national qualifications frameworks. Available online: https://reurl.cc/o7GvR3 (accessed on 2 September 2023).
39. Gentile E. Regional capacity building for developing qualification frameworks under the mutual recognition agreements to support the ASEAN Economic Community by 2015 and beyond. Available online: https://reurl.cc/AAZ9yE (accessed on 2 September 2023).
40. McGreal R, Olcott D Jr. A strategic reset: Micro-credentials for higher education leaders. Smart Learning Environments 2022; 9(1): 9. doi: 10.1186/s40561-022-00190-1
41. Rubin HJ, Rubin IS. The practice of community organizing. The handbook of community practice, 2005; 189–203.
42. Glaser B, Strauss A. The Discovery of Ground Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Wiedenfeld and Nicholson; 1967.
43. Seidman I. Interviewing as Qualitative Research: A Guide for Researchers in Education and the Social Sciences. Teachers Press; 2013.
44. Wang F, Wang YQ, Li ZP. Research and practice on inter-school course selection and credit recognition among local colleges and universities (Chinese). Journal of North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power 2021; 37(6): 76–81. doi: 10.13790/j.ncwu.sk.2021.104.
45. Liao T, Ma J. Digitally propelling the high-quality development of vocational education: Values, challenges, and paths. Jiangsu Vocational and Technical Education 2023; 23(2): 21–27. doi: 10.15903/j.cnki.jniit.2023.02.003
46. Fu Q, Wu C. Exploring the path of improving the quality of higher vocational education from the perspective of lifelong education. Journal of Hubei Open University 2023; 1: 46–50. doi: 10.CNKI:SUN:HGDB.0.2023-01-009
47. Kirkpatrick CTT. Myanmar technical and vocational education training system and policy reform. In: De P, Raychaudhuri A (editors). Myanmar’s Integration with the World. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore; 2017. doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-5134-0_8
48. Olfindo R. Rethinking vocational education in the Philippines: Does it really lead to higher wages? Southeast Asian Economies Journal of Southeast Asian economies 2018; 35(1): 79–100. doi: 10.1355/ae35-1g
49. Ministry of Education (Brunei Darussalam). Brunei Darussalam qualifications framework. Available online: https://reurl.cc/jDn6bM (accessed on 2 September 2023).
50. Afzaal M. Prospects for China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): Implications, assessment and challenges. Asia Pacific Business Review 2021; 28(1): 130–139. doi: 10.1080/13602381.2021.1890921
51. Tran NHN, Amado CADEF, Santos SPD. Challenges and success factors of transnational higher education: a systematic review. Studies in Higher Education 2023; 48(1): 113–136.
52. Asian Development Bank. Vietnam technical and vocational education and training sector assessment. Available online: https://reurl.cc/8jkpeo (accessed on 2 September 2023).
53. Curaj A, Matei L, Pricopie R, et al. The European Higher Education Area: Between Critical Reflections and Future Policies. Springer; 2015. p. 898.
54. Zhou JN. New trends in the development of contemporary higher vocational education in China (Chinese). Journal of Higher Education 2021; 19(4): 193–196. doi: 10.19980/j.cn23-1593/g4.2021.19.047
55. Bateman A, Keating J, Gillis S, et al. Concept Paper East Asia Summit Vocational Education and Training Quality Assurance Framework. University of Melbourne; 2012.
56. Du JT. Multiple Logics, Realistic Dilemmas, and Innovative Paths of the Linking System Construction of Vocational Education. Education and Vocation 2023; 14: 26-32.
57. Zou PZ, Xu YX. Value chain and digital currency (Chinese). Available online: https://reurl.cc/EoAOmn(accessed on 2 September 2023).
58. Zou PZ. Value function and its properties (Chinese). Available online: https://reurl.cc/qLEMa0 (accessed on 2 September 2023).
59. Deng QM, Liu YN, Wu XM. Research on deepening China-ASEAN cooperation in the context of China’s “Belt and Road Initiative”: Problems faced and implementation path (Chinese). Available online: https://reurl.cc/8jm7po (accessed on 2 September 2023).
60. Lim H. ASEAN Qualifications Reference Framework: Its role in achieving the ASEAN Community Vision. European Training Foundation. Italy. 2020.
61. Lin YR, Shi WP. The cause and breakthrough of the predicament of NQF construction. Available online: https://reurl.cc/WG9b67 (accessed on 2 September 2023).
62. Central People’s Government (China). National medium and long-term education reform and development plan outline 2010–2020 (Chinese). Available online: https://reurl.cc/K0GYXR (accessed on 2 September 2023).
63. Ministry of Education (China). Educational action plan for the belt and road initiative (Chinese). Available online: https://reurl.cc/nDKdxd (accessed on 2 September 2023).
64. Central People’s Government (China). China’s education modernization 2035 (Chinese). Available online: https://reurl.cc/EoAlvK (accessed on 2 September 2023).
65. State Counsil (China). National implementation plan for vocational education reform (Chinese). Available online: https://reurl.cc/eDrll7 (accessed on 2 September 2023).
66. Central People’s Government (China). The 14th five-year plan for national economic and social development of the People’s Republic of China & the long-range objectives to 2035 (Chinese). Available online: https://reurl.cc/51m9ay (accessed on 2 September 2023).
67. Ministry of Education (China). Action plan for enhancing the quality and excellence of vocational education, (2020–2023) (Chinese). Available online: https://reurl.cc/WGnm8O (accessed on 2 September 2023).
68. General Office of the CPC Central Committee, General Office of the State Council. Opinions on promoting high-quality development of modern vocational education (Chinese). Available online: https://reurl.cc/8jka7j (accessed on 2 September 2023).
69. Ministry of Education (China). National standards for the teaching quality of undergraduate programs in general higher education institutions (Chinese). Available online: https://reurl.cc/qLEWgg (accessed on 2 September 2023).
70. Ministry of Education (China). Teaching standards for higher vocational colleges (Chinese). Available online: https://reurl.cc/N0WK0k (accessed on 2 September 2023).
71. Guangdong Provincial Department of Education. Implementation opinions (trial) on credit recognition and conversion in higher education by the Department of Education of Guangdong province (Chinese). Available online: https://reurl.cc/EoA5bA (accessed on 2 September 2023).
72. Guangdong Provincial Department of Education. Opinions of the Education Department of Guangdong province on the implementation of credit management in general higher education institutions (Chinese). Available online: https://reurl.cc/M8eKlL (accessed on 2 September 2023).
73. Ministry of Education Malaysia. TVET 4. Ministry of Education. (2016). National Education Strategic Plan 2016-21 Summary. Available online: https://reurl.cc/kabo7d (accessed on 2 September 2023).
74. 0 framework 2018–2025. Available online: https://reurl.cc/N0WyAQ (accessed on 2 September 2023).
75. Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia. Malaysia education blueprint 2013–2025. Available online: https://reurl.cc/94lY9X (accessed on 2 September 2023).
76. Norhayati Mohamed. Malaysia Education Development Plan 2015–2025. Ministry of Higher Education. Available online: https://reurl.cc/DoMqmR (accessed on 2 September 2023).
77. Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia. Department of higher education strategic plan 2018–2022. Available online: https://reurl.cc/DA0yE6 (accessed on 2 September 2023).
78. ASEAN Secretariat. ASEAN qualifications reference framework. Available online: https://reurl.cc/ZWm2NV (accessed on 2 September 2023).
79. Malaysian Qualification Agency (MQA). Malaysia qualifications framework (MQF). Available online: https://reurl.cc/aV3XMX (accessed on 2 September 2023).
80. Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia (MECI). Indonesian Qualification Framework. Available online: https://reurl.cc/Ny8YRk (accessed on 2 September 2023).
81. Department of Education (DepEd), Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA), Commission on Higher Education (CHED), Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) and Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE), (2016). Philippines Qualifications Framework. Available online: https://reurl.cc/3xzl5L (accessed on 2 September 2023).
82. Ministry of Education (Brunei Darussalam). Brunei Darussalam qualifications framework. Available online: https://reurl.cc/jDn6bM (accessed on 2 September 2023).
83. Ministry of Education and Training (MOET) & Ministry of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs (MOLISA). Vietnamese qualifications framework. Available online: https://reurl.cc/4WD69Y (accessed on 2 September 2023).
84. Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport (MoEYS). Cambodia qualification framework. Available online: https://reurl.cc/QXMNn0 (accessed on 2 September 2023).
85. Ministry of Education of Thailand. National qualifications framework for higher education in Thailand. Available online: https://reurl.cc/zYVObk (accessed on 2 September 2023).
86. Ministry of Education of Myanmar. National qualification framework of Myanmar. Available online: https://www.moe.gov.mm/?q=content/national-qualifications-framework-nqf (accessed on 2 September 2023).
87. Skills Development Department Malaysia. National Occupational Skills Standards (NOSS). Available online: https://reurl.cc/9RA6AV (accessed on 2 September 2023).
88. Ministry of Education Singapore. Singapore workforce skills qualifications. Available online: https://reurl.cc/658X3d (accessed on 2 September 2023).
89. Skills Development Department Malaysia. Malaysia skills certificate (SKM). Available online: https://reurl.cc/RzNo3r (accessed on 2 September 2023).
90. Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia. Malaysia education blueprint 2013–2025. Available online: https://reurl.cc/94lY9X (accessed on 2 September 2023).
91. Panya Chanthavong. The development of educational quality assurance framework in Lao PDR. Available online: https://reurl.cc/WGn40L (accessed on 2 September 2023).
92. Commission on Higher Education (Philippines). Policies and guidelines. Available online: https://reurl.cc/N0WaA6 (accessed on 2 September 2023).
93. ASEAN Secretariat. ASEAN declaration on human resources development for the changing world of work and its roadmap. Available online: https://reurl.cc/eDrdpR (accessed on 2 September 2023).
94. ASED (12th). Joint statement of the twelfth ASEAN education ministers meeting. Available online: https://reurl.cc/gDd4gN (accessed on 2 September 2023).
95. ASEAN Secretariat. Plan of action to implement the ASEAN-China strategic partnership for peace and prosperity (2021–2025). Available online: https://reurl.cc/GA150y (accessed on 2 September 2023).
96. ASEAN Secretariat. Roadmap on the ASEAN higher education space 2025 and its implementation plan. Available online: https://reurl.cc/y6bD66 (accessed on 2 September 2023).
97. Asian Development Bank. Vietnam technical and vocational education and training sector assessment. Available online: https://reurl.cc/8jkpeo (accessed on 2 September 2023).
98. ASEAN Secretariat. ASEAN cooperation on education and the SDG 4. Available online: https://reurl.cc/94l638 (accessed on 2 September 2023).
99. Enhancing the Competitiveness of Human Resources through Responsive TVET Curriculum Supported by Involvement of Industries and Labour Market Information (ASEAN-Korea Cooperation Fund & ASEAN, 2022).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.54517/esp.v9i2.1745
(552 Abstract Views, 242 PDF Downloads)
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2023 Authors
License URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/