Communicative dynamism of Muslim stereotypes and the war in Ukraine
Vol 9, Issue 4, 2024, Article identifier:
VIEWS - 372 (Abstract) 135 (PDF)
Abstract
The article explores communicative dynamism of stereotypical ideas about Muslims in predominantly Christian Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to analyze the current substitution features of Islamic values objectified by the Russian-Ukrainian war. The research methodology is based on the modern scientific media linguistic approaches to religion communication and religious ideologemes. In particular, attention is paid to the ideologeme of Jihad, which is used in the motivational practice of international recruiting as media technique. The research also reveals and examines semantic components of the media conceptualization of OWN and ALIEN Muslim. The results show that negative stereotypes of Muslims are used in the hybrid war as a cognitive tool of psychological pressure on and intimidation of Ukrainians. Stereotypes can also acquire the forms of power and control used by religious leaders and political institutions in mass media. The communicative specificity of stereotypical representations of Ukrainians is analyzed within the framework of religious marketing research.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
1. Huntington SP. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. Simon & Schuster; 1996.
2. Vlah M. Islamization of Europe: Historical and geographical context (Ukrainian). Available online: https://geography.lnu.edu.ua/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Vlakh-M.-Islamizatsiia-Evropy-2021-stattya.pdf/ (accessed on 27 August 2023).
3. Said E. Orientalism once more. Development and Change 2004; 35(5): 869–879. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7660.2004.00383.x
4. Said EW. Clash of ignorance. Available online: https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/clash-ignorance/ (accessed on 7 November 2023).
5. The end of the story continues. Philosopher Francis Fukuyama on the weaknesses of strong authoritarian regimes (Russian). Available online: https://zona.media/article/2022/10/20/fukuyama (accessed on 27 August 2023).
6. Karim KH, Eid M. Clash of ignorance. Global Media Journal—Canadian Edition 2012; 5(1): 7–27.
7. Nuriev A. Muslims of Bulgaria: between full acceptance and ethnic cleansing (Russian). Available online: https://www.trtrussian.com/mnenie/musulmane-bolgarii-mezhdu-polnym-prinyatiem-i-etnicheskoj-chistkoj-5843357 (accessed on 25 August 2023).
8. Alekseeva N. Stereotypes and prejudices of Bulgarians (Russian). Available online: https://www.kp.ru/daily/25954.5/2896427/ (accessed on 25 August 2023).
9. Panyrkova P. Converts to Islam in the Czech Republic (Czech). Available online: https://dk.upce.cz/handle/10195/35451?locale-attribute=en (accessed on 25 August 2023).
10. Pelenska O. A stranger in the Czech Republic: A guest, a migrant worker or an equal citizen (Ukrainian)? Available online: https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/1955628.html (accessed on 25 August 2023).
11. Nunuev S. The risks of politicization of Islamic identity in contemporary Russia (on materials of the North Caucasus. Historical and Social Educational Idea’s 2015; 7(2): 62–69. doi: 10.17748/2075-9908-2015-7-2-063-069
12. Bogomolov A, Danilov S, Semivolos I, Yavorskaya G. Islamic Identity in Ukraine (Russian)2006.
13. Galanopoulos A, Stavrakakis Y. Populism, anti-populism and post-truth. In: Oswald M (editor). The Palgrave Handbook of Populism. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham; 2022.
14. Lippmann W. Public Opinion. With a New Introduction by Michael Curtis. Routledge; 1998.
15. Hilton JL, von Hippel W. Stereotypes. Annual Review of Psychology 1996; 47(250): 237–271. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.47.1.237
16. Fairclough N. Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research. Routledge; 2003.
17. Van Dijk, TA Discourse and Power. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2008. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-07299-3
18. Gumperz JJ. Interactional sociolinguistic: A personal perspective. In: Schiffrin D, Tannen D, Hamilton HE (editors). The Handbook of Discourse Analysis. Blackwell; 2005.
19. Goffman E. Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Harvard University Press; 1974.
20. Dimitriu G, de Graaf B. Fighting the war at home: Strategic narratives, elite responsiveness, and the Dutch mission in Afghanistan, 2006–2010. Foreign Policy Analysis 2016; 12(1): 2–23. doi: 10.1111/fpa.12070
21. Іnterfax-Ukraine. Statistics and analysis of the main religious groups in Ukraine (Russian). Available online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HazeCIxjfVo (accessed on 16 November 2022).
22. Flere S, Lavrič M. Muslim, catholic and orthodox religiosity in Central Europe in contrast to American Protestant religiosity. Sociologija 2005; 47(3): 213–226. doi: 10.2298/SOC0503213F
23. Muslims of Ukraine (Ukrainian). Available online: https://esu.com.ua/article-70171 (accessed on 23 June 2023).
24. Islam: An encyclopedic dictionary (Russian). Available online: https://book-ye.com.ua/catalog/islam/islam-entsyklopedychnyj-slovnyk/ (accessed on 23 June 2023).
25. The Oxford English Dictionary. Clarendon Press; Oxford; Oxford University Press; 1989.
26. Bordalo P, Coffman K, Gennaioli N, Shleife A. Stereotypes. Available online: https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/shleifer/files/stereotypes_june_6.pdf (accessed on 26 June 2023).
27. Kobynets Y. I believe—I don’t believe: 10 stereotypes about Muslims (Ukrainian). Available online: https://life.pravda.com.ua/ukr/society/2021/02/8/243874/ (accessed on 20 June 2023).
28. Religious Identities. In Their Essence And Confessional Manifestations: Ukrainian context (Russian). Available online: https://ure-online.info/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/rel_ident.pdf (accessed on 26 June 2023).
29. Kolodny AM. The Muslim threat: Illusion or reality? (Ukrainian). Ukrainian Religious Studies 2010; 1(20).
30. Butyrina M. Stereotyping of Islam in mass-media (Ukrainian). Available online: http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/44218 (accessed on 26 June 2023).
31. Hvorostovskaya O. To destroy stereotypes, you need to meet, communicate, and then people perceive differently. Sheikh Murat Suleiman about Islam and interreligious dialogue in Ukraine (Ukrainian). Available online: https://risu.ua/shchob-zrujnuvati-stereotipi-treba-zustrichatisya-spilkuvatisya-rozpovidati-i-todi-lyudi-po-inshomu-sprijmayut--shejh-murat-sulejman-pro-islam-ta-mizhreligijnij-dialog-v-ukrayini_n138669 / (accessed on 20 June 2023).
32. Klymentova OV. Islamic narratives in Ukraine: Analyzing communicative dynamics. Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 2022; 14(3). doi: 10.5130/ccs.v14.i3.8227
33. Yakubovych M. Land and Faith. What is the specificity of Crimean Tatar Islam (Ukrainian)? Available online: https://tyzhden.ua/zemlia-ta-vira-u-chomu-poliahaie-spetsyfika-krymskotatarskoho-islamu/ (accessed on 26 June 2023).
34. Ukrainski ta Crymsko tatarski studii za kordonom: doslidgennya stanu I potreb (Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar Studies abroud: a study of the state and needs/ Koval N, Gaidai O, Melnyk M, Protsiuk M, Tereshchenko,D, Irysova M. Ukrainian Institute. Available online: https://ui.org.ua/wp content/uploads/2023/01/ukrainian-and-crimean-tatar-studies-in-the-world_ukr.pdf (accessed on 27 December 2023).
35. The Ukrainian language has Crimean Tatar words (Ukrainian). Available online: https://gazeta.ua/articles/istoriya-movi/_ukrayinska-mova-maye-krimskotatarski-slova/548214 (accessed on 1 November 2023).
36. Ukrayinsʹko-krymsʹkotatarsʹkyy rozmovnyk (Ukrainian-Crimean Tatar phrasebook) Kandymov T, Kandymova C. (Ukrainian). Kyiv 2006. Available online: http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/966-661-512-6/966-661-512-6.pdf (accessed on 27 December 2023).
37. Turkicisms in the Ukrainian language: concept, history of emergence, sound and examples /Hryshko O. (Ukrainian). Available online: https://bigbro.com.ua/tyurkizmi-v-ukrayinskij-movi-ponyattya-istoriya-viniknennya-zvuchannya-i-prikladi/ (accessed on 6 November 2023).
38. Creation of the National Corpus of the Crimean Tatar Language is underway: Ministry for Reintegration of Temporarily Occupied Territories. Available online: https://www.kmu.gov.ua/en/news/tryvaie-stvorennia-natsionalnoho-korpusu-krymskotatarskoi-movy-minreintehratsii (accessed on 27 December 2023).
39. Can you answer a question on Crimea and Crimean Tatars? Have a gingerbread! Available online: https://www.arraid.org/en/node/6178 (accessed on 6 November 2023).
40. BBC News Ukraine. Accepting Islam in Ukraine—What is it like. 11 June 2021(Ukrainian). Available online: https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/news-57435863 (accessed on 27 December 2023).
41. Kiryushkо М. Political Islam is a marker of crisis society (Ukrainian). Available online: http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/44209 (accessed on 25 June 2023).
42. The Mufti of the Chechen Republic explained the actions in Ukraine from the point of view of religion (Russian). Available online: https://chechnyatoday.com/news/353369 (accessed on 20 June 2023).
43. Arestovych A. Arestovich: 26.03. Available online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3_cfpbAif1Q (accessed on 27 December 2023).
44. Russian propaganda has a powerful effect among the Muslims of the world (Ukrainian). Available online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2at_u_ZvjNo (accessed on 26 June 2023).
45. Kostekskyy S. Muslims in the Ukrainian War (Russian). Available online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3cP6S9DADLg (accessed on 6 November 2023).
46. Sasitlinskij A. Putin’s war in Ukraine (Russian). Available online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rGUKpHQVl_0 (accessed on 1 November 2023).
47. Holy war is nonsense! War can only be just, on the side of light (Ukrainian). Available online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X42GyU22UQk (accessed on 20 June 2023).
48. RISU. Sayid Ismagilov: Arab-Muslim world deems war in Ukraine to be Russia’s war against America. Available online: https://risu.ua/en/said-ismagilov-arab-muslim-world-deems-war-in-ukraine-to-be-russias-war-against-america_n128480 (accessed on 7 November 2023).
49. Archetti C. Terrorism, communication and new media: Explaining radicalization in the digital age. Perspectives on Terrorism 2015; 9(1): 49–59.
50. Prigozhin-Kadyrov confrontation: Wagner PMC is guilty of leaking Akhmat positions—Russian officer (Russian). Available online: https://focus.ua/voennye-novosti/572560-protivostoyanie-prigozhin-kadyrov-chvk-vagner-vinovna-v-slive-poziciy-ahmata-oficer-rf (accessed on 14 June 2023).
51. RISU. Sayid Ismagilov: In the Muslim world, Kadyrov’s men are called “tik-tok battalions”.. Available online: https://risu.ua/sayid-ismagilov-u-musulmanskomu-sviti-kadirivciv-nazivayut-tik-tok-bataljonami_n128460 (accessed on 27 December 2023).
52. The Supreme Mufti of Russia urged to get rid of “parasites” during the special operation (Russian). http://web.archive.org/web/20220711055149/https://www.mk.ru/politics/2022/07/09/verkhovnyy-muftiy-rossii-prizval-izbavitsya-ot-parazitov-v-khode-specoperacii.html (accessed on 26 June 2023).
53. Calhoun C. Indirect relationships and imagined communities: Large scale social integration and the transformation of everyday life. In: Bourdieu P, Coleman JS (editors). Social Theory for a Changing Society. Westview Press; 1991.
54. RISU. "This war is sacred for Ukrainian Muslims," - Head of the military chaplaincy of Muslims of Ukraine...30.11.2022 Available online: https://risu.ua/en/this-war-is-sacred-for-ukrainian-muslims---head-of-the-military-chaplaincy-of-muslims-of-ukraine_n134444
55. Wanner C, Bogumił Z, Shtyrkov S, Gurchiani K. A gallery of ghosts: Death and burial in lands marked by trauma. Material Religion 2023; 19(2): 191–199. doi: 10.1080/17432200.2023.2224161
56. Schønemann J. The Stereotyping of Muslims: An Analysis of the New York Times’ and the Washington Times’ Coverage of Veiling and the Muhammad Cartoon Controversy [Master thesis]. University of Oslo; 2013.
57. Sides J, Gross K. Stereotypes of Muslims and support for the war on terror. The Journal of Politics 2013; 75(3). doi: 10.1017/S0022381613000388
58. Davidson B. Storytelling and evidence-based policy: Lessons from the grey literature. Palgrave Communications 2017; 3: 17093. doi: 10.1057/palcomms.2017.93
59. Westra E. Stereotypes, theory of mind, and the action-prediction hierarchy. Synthese 2019; 196: 2821–2846. doi: 10.1007/s11229-017-1575-9
60. Moore-Berg SL, Hameiri B, Falk E, Bruneau E. Reducing islamophobia: An assessment of psychological mechanisms that underlie anti-Islamophobia media interventions. Sage Journals 2022; 26(3). doi: 10.1177/13684302221085832
61. Hnatiuk Y. Ukrainian cordocentrism, its mythological and metaphysical dimensions (Ukrainian). Bulletin of the Prikarpatian University Philosophical and Psychological Sciences January 2009. 12: 10–18.
62. Halverson JR, Goodall HL, Corman SR. Master Narratives of Islamist Extremism. Palgrave Macmillan; 2011.
63. Alizadeh M, Coman A, Lewis M, Sycara K. Intergroup conflict escalation leads to more extremism. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation 2014; 17(4): 1–4. doi: 10.18564/jasss.2559
64. Archetti C. Terrorism, communication and the war of ideas: Al-Qaida’s strategic narrative as a brand. Cristina Archetti University of Salford 2010. Available at: https://www.academia.edu/221753/_Terrorism_Communication_and_the_War_of_Ideas_Al_Qaidas_Strategic_Narrative_as_a_Brand_
65. The Supreme Mufti of the Russian Federation supported the war with Ukraine on Eid al-Fitr: “The neighbor has parasites, hordes of neo-Nazis, it is impossible for us to live in peace” (Russian). Available online: https://www.currenttime.tv/a/verhovnyy-muftiy-rf-v-kurban-bayram-podderzhal-voynu-s-ukrainoy-u-soseda-parazity-polchischa-neonatsistov-nam-spokoyno-zhit-nevozmozhno-/31935838.html (accessed on 1 November 2023).
66. UKRAINSKA PRAVDA. After report about death of “kadyrovites” in Kherson Oblast, Kadyrov started talking about jihad. Available online: https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2022/10/26/7373509/ (accessed on 20 June 2023).
67. Jackson R. Constructing enemies: “Islamic terrorism” in political and academic discourse. Government and Opposition: An International Journal of Comparative Politics 2014; 41(3): 394–426. doi: 10.1111/j.1477-7053.2007.00229.x
68. Atran S, Ginges J. Religious and sacred imperatives in human conflict. Science 2012; 336(6083): 855–857. doi: 10.1126/science.1216902
69. Mazurenko A. Russia insulting Islam must be condemned: Ukraine reacts to fake spread by occupiers. Available online: https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/03/16/7393801/(accessed on 26 June 2023).
70. Russia’s war in Ukraine: official website. Available online: https://war.ukraine.ua/ (accessed on 27 December 2023).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.54517/esp.v9i4.1922
(372 Abstract Views, 135 PDF Downloads)
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2024 Klymentova Olena
License URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/