PDF

Published

2024-12-30

Issue

Vol. 9 No. 12 (2024): Published

Section

Research Articles

License

The journal adopts the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0), which means that anyone can reuse and redistribute the materials for non-commercial purposes as long as you follow the license terms and the original source is properly cited.

Author(s) shall retain the copyright of their work and grant the Journal/Publisher rights for the first publication with the work concurrently licensed since 2023 Vol.8 No.2.

Under this license, author(s) will allow third parties to download, reuse, reprint, modify, distribute and/or copy the content under the condition that the authors are given credit. No permission is required from the authors or the publisher.

This broad license intends to facilitate free access, as well as the unrestricted use of original works of all types. This ensures that the published work is freely and openly available in perpetuity.

By providing open access, the following benefits are brought about:

  • Higher Visibility, Availability and Citations-free and unlimited accessibility of the publication over the internet without any restrictions increases citation of the article.
  • Ease of search-publications are easily searchable in search engines and indexing databases.
  • Rapid Publication – accepted papers are immediately published online.
  • Available for free download immediately after publication at https://esp.as-pub.com/index.php/ESP

 

Copyright Statement

1.The authors certify that the submitted manuscripts are original works, do not infringe the rights of others, are free from academic misconduct and confidentiality issues, and that there are no disputes over the authorship scheme of the collaborative articles. In case of infringement, academic misconduct and confidentiality issues, as well as disputes over the authorship scheme, all responsibilities will be borne by the authors.

2. The author agrees to grant the Editorial Office of Environment and Social Psychology a licence to use the reproduction right, distribution right, information network dissemination right, performance right, translation right, and compilation right of the submitted manuscript, including the work as a whole, as well as the diagrams, tables, abstracts, and any other parts that can be extracted from the work and used in accordance with the characteristics of the journal. The Editorial Board of Environment and Social Psychology has the right to use and sub-licence the above mentioned works for wide dissemination in print, electronic and online versions, and, in accordance with the characteristics of the periodical, for the period of legal protection of the property right of the copyright in the work, and for the territorial scope of the work throughout the world.

3. The authors are entitled to the copyright of their works under the relevant laws of Singapore, provided that they do not exercise their rights in a manner prejudicial to the interests of the Journal.

About Licence

Environment and Social Psychology is an open access journal and all published work is available under the Creative Commons Licence, Authors shall retain copyright of their work and grant the journal/publisher the right of first publication, and their work shall be licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Under this licence, the author grants permission to third parties to download, reuse, reprint, modify, distribute and/or copy the content with attribution to the author. No permission from the author or publisher is required.

This broad licence is intended to facilitate free access to and unrestricted use of original works of all kinds. This ensures that published works remain free and accessible in perpetuity. Submitted manuscripts, once accepted, are immediately available to the public and permanently accessible free of charge on the journal’s official website (https://esp.as-pub.com/index.php/ESP). Allowing users to read, download, copy, print, search for or link to the full text of the article, or use it for other legal purposes. However, the use of the work must retain the author's signature, be limited to non-commercial purposes, and not be interpretative.

Click to download <Agreement on the Licence for the Use of Copyright on Environmental and Social Psychology>.

How to Cite

Uy, J. V. (2024). Citizens’ trust in police enforcement in Calbayog City, Philippines. Environment and Social Psychology, 9(12). https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v9i12.3274

Citizens’ trust in police enforcement in Calbayog City, Philippines

Joar V. Uy

College of Criminal Justice and Sciences, Northwest Samar State University, Calbayog City, 6710, Philippines


DOI: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v9i12.3274


Keywords: accountability, community engagement, fairness, transparency, police enforcement, public trust

Abstract

Trust in police enforcement is a fundamental element for maintaining public order, promoting community safety, and ensuring the legitimacy of law enforcement agencies. It develops positive relationships between the police and the community, encouraging cooperation and compliance with the law. When citizens trust the police, they are more likely to report crimes, provide useful information, and engage in lawful behavior, which enhances crime prevention and resolution efforts. This paper descriptively analyzed citizens’ trust towards police enforcement in Calbayog City, Philippines in terms of accountability, transparency, fairness, and community engagement. Participants were purposively sampled using online tools and categorized into three groups: ordinary citizens (n=150), barangay officials (n=50), and members of the police auxiliary unit (n=225). Findings indicated that the public trust towards the police enforcement in the city was generally high and positive, but the auxiliary unit consistently rated police performance more favorably than ordinary citizens or barangay officials. The police enforcement in Calbayog City, while demonstrating generally positive accountability, transparency, fairness, and community engagement, still needs considerable focus on further development. It is essential to prioritize efforts aimed at bridging the gap between the police and the community, with particular emphasis on enhancing transparency, fairness, and inclusivity. There was also a need to develop effective communication channels to connect to a larger public. Acknowledging and addressing historical issues, perhaps through public forums or community outreach programs, would demonstrate commitment to fairness and accountability. Such initiatives would contribute to the strengthening of public trust and cooperation, which facilitates more effective policing and the improvement of public safety.

References

[1]. Brown, R., & Hobbs, A. (2023). Trust in the police.

[2]. Jackson, J., Bradford, B., Hough, M., Kuha, J., Stares, S., Widdop, S., ... & Galev, T. (2011). Developing European indicators of trust in justice. European journal of criminology, 8(4), 267-285.

[3]. Murphy, K., Mazerolle, L., & Bennett, S. (2014). Promoting trust in police: Findings from a randomised experimental field trial of procedural justice policing. Policing and society, 24(4), 405-424.

[4]. United Nations. (2021). The social contract and the role of public trust in enhancing the social contract. United Nations. https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wpcontent/uploads/sites/22/2021/05/Policy-Brief_ Social-Contract.pdf

[5]. Shodunke, A. O. (2024). Protection or predation? Examining COVID-19 policing and the nuances of police corruption in Nigeria. Policing and Society, 34(5), 467-484.

[6]. Uzzell, D., Pol, E., & Badenas, D. (2002). Place identification, social cohesion, and enviornmental sustainability. Environment and behavior, 34(1), 26-53.

[7]. Waytz, A., Hoffman, K. M., & Trawalter, S. (2015). A superhumanization bias in Whites’ perceptions of Blacks. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 6(3), 352-359.

[8]. Violanti, J. M., Charles, L. E., McCanlies, E., Hartley, T. A., Baughman, P., Andrew, M. E., ... & Burchfiel, C. M. (2017). Police stressors and health: a state-of-the-art review. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 40(4), 642-656.

[9]. Boateng, F. D. (2018). Institutional trust and performance: A study of the police in Ghana. Australian & New Zealand journal of criminology, 51(2), 164-182.

[10]. Boateng, F. D. (2021). Police legitimacy in Africa: A multilevel multinational analysis. In The Rise of Comparative Policing (pp. 109-124). Routledge.

[11]. Perry, G., & Jonathan-Zamir, T. (2020). Expectations, effectiveness, trust, and cooperation: public attitudes towards the Israel Police during the COVID-19 pandemic. Policing: A journal of policy and practice, 14(4), 1073-1091.

[12]. Gould, J. (2020). Policing during the pandemic – an ASU virtual roundtable. https:// vimeo.com/408734650 (accessed 27 September 2023)

[13]. Chenane, J. L., Horning, A., Perry, S., & Stevens, C. (2024). Public perceptions of the police during COVID-19: a cross-national analysis. Criminal Justice Review, 49(2), 196-221.

[14]. Kearns, E. M., Ashooh, E., & Lowrey-Kinberg, B. (2020). Racial differences in conceptualizing legitimacy and trust in police. American journal of criminal justice, 45, 190-214.

[15]. Sunshine, J., & Tyler, T. R. (2003). The role of procedural justice and legitimacy in shaping public support for policing. Law & society review, 37(3), 513-547.

[16]. Gau, J. M. (2014). Procedural justice and police legitimacy: A test of measurement and structure. American journal of criminal justice, 39, 187-205.

[17]. Kochel, T. R., Parks, R., & Mastrofski, S. D. (2013). Examining police effectiveness as a precursor to legitimacy and cooperation with police. Justice quarterly, 30(5), 895-925.

[18]. Reisig, M. D., Tankebe, J., & Mesko, G. (2014). Compliance with the law in Slovenia: The role of procedural justice and police legitimacy. European journal on criminal policy and research, 20, 259-276.

[19]. Hough, M., Jackson, J., & Bradford, B. (2013). Legitimacy, trust and compliance: An empirical test of procedural justice theory using the European Social Survey. Legitimacy and Criminal Justice: an International Exploration, Yale University Press, New Haven, pp. 326-352.

[20]. Jackson, J., Asif, M., Bradford, B., & Zakria Zakar, M. (2014). Corruption and police legitimacy in Lahore, Pakistan. British journal of criminology, 54(6), 1067-1088.

[21]. Bottoms, A., & Tankebe, J. (2012). Beyond procedural justice: A dialogic approach to legitimacy in criminal justice. J. Crim. l. & Criminology, 102, 119.

[22]. Bottoms, A. E., & Tankebe, J. (2017). Police Legitimacy and the Authority of the State. Hart Publishing, Oxford.

[23]. Cao, L. (2015). Differentiating confidence in the police, trust in the police, and satisfaction with the police. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 38(2), 239-249.

[24]. Jackson, J., Hough, M., Bradford, B., & Kuha, J. (2015). Empirical legitimacy as two connected psychological states. Trust and legitimacy in criminal justice: European perspectives, 137-160.

[25]. Tyler, T. R. (2005). Policing in black and white: Ethnic group differences in trust and confidence in the police. Police quarterly, 8(3), 322-342.

[26]. Tyler, T. R. (2006). Why people obey the law. Princeton University Press.

[27]. Tyler, T. R. (2002). Trust in the law: Encouraging public cooperation with the police and courts. Russell Sage Foundation.

[28]. Kaina, V. (2008). Legitimacy, trust and procedural fairness: Remarks on Marcia Grimes’ study. European Journal of Political Research, 47(4), 510-521.

[29]. Jackson, J., & Gau, J. M. (2016). Carving up concepts? Differentiating between trust and legitimacy in public attitudes towards legal authority (pp. 49-69). Springer International Publishing.

[30]. Jackson, J., & Kuha, J. (2016). How theory guides measurement: Public attitudes toward crime and policing. The handbook of measurement issues in criminology and criminal justice, 377-415.

[31]. Bandura, a. (1977). Social learning theory (Vol. 1). general Learning Press.

[32]. Wahyurudhanto, A. (2022). Predictors of citizens' satisfaction and trust in police as a function of good governance and cooperative culture. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 9(3), 152-167.

[33]. Van Craen, M. (2016). Fair policing from the inside out. In The politics of policing: Between force and legitimacy (pp. 3-19). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

[34]. Onuoha, F. C., Ezirim, G. E., & Onuh, P. A. (2021). Extortionate policing and the futility of COVID-19 pandemic nationwide lockdown in Nigeria: Insights from the South East Zone. African Security Review, 30(4), 451-472.

[35]. Boateng, F. D., Dzordzormenyoh, M. K., & Cavalcante, D. (2022). Citizens’ attitudes toward legal authorities in Brazil: examining the impact of crime, insecurity, and corruption. Journal of Criminology, 55(4), 604-620.

[36]. Watson, D., Amin, S. N., & Pino, N. (2022). Self-evaluating performance: an analysis of police integrity, professionalism and service provision from the South Pacific. Policing and Society, 32(1), 89-102.

[37]. Martin, D. (2022). Understanding the reconstruction of police professionalism in the UK. Policing and society, 32(7), 931-946.

[38]. Pryce, D. K., & Time, V. M. (2023). Examining the predictors of the public’s trust in the police using local data. Criminal Justice Studies, 36(4), 353-369.

[39]. Yesberg, J., Brunton-Smith, I., & Bradford, B. (2023). Police visibility, trust in police fairness, and collective efficacy: A multilevel Structural Equation Model. European Journal of Criminology, 20(2), 712-737.

[40]. Chavez, J. V. (2020). Impact of Massive Open Online Course on the Teacher-Enrollees’ Personal Growth and Professional Development. Solid State Technology, 63(4), 1575-1590.

[41]. Espartero, M. M., Calzada, K. P. D., & Del Prado, R. T. (2024). Analyzing the level of interest of high school students in solving mathematical problems in the modular and face-to-face learning. Environment and Social Psychology, 9(4).

[42]. Siedlecki, S. L. (2020). Understanding descriptive research designs and methods. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 34(1), 8-12.

[43]. Chavez, J. V. (2021). Bilingual parents’ dispositions: Precursor to developing the English language teaching curriculum. Psychology and Education, 58(5), 161-166.

[44]. Grimes, D. A., & Schulz, K. F. (2002). Descriptive studies: what they can and cannot do. The Lancet, 359(9301), 145-149.

[45]. Barratt, M. J., Ferris, J. A., & Lenton, S. (2015). Hidden populations, online purposive sampling, and external validity: Taking off the blindfold. Field methods, 27(1), 3-21.

[46]. Campbell, S., Greenwood, M., Prior, S., Shearer, T., Walkem, K., Young, S., ... & Walker, K. (2020). Purposive sampling: complex or simple? Research case examples. Journal of research in Nursing, 25(8), 652-661.

[47]. Chavez, J. V., Anuddin, F. O., Mansul, H. H., Hawari, N. A., Irilis, F. B., Umaron, A. A., ... & Albani, S. E. (2024). Analyzing impacts of campus journalism on student’s grammar consciousness and confidence in writing engagements. Environment and Social Psychology, 9(7).

[48]. Sibona, C., Walczak, S., & White Baker, E. (2020). A guide for purposive sampling on twitter. Communications of the association for information systems, 46(1), 22.

[49]. Taherdoost, H. (2019). What is the best response scale for survey and questionnaire design; review of different lengths of rating scale/attitude scale/Likert scale. Hamed Taherdoost, 1-10.

[50]. Joshi, A., Kale, S., Chandel, S., & Pal, D. K. (2015). Likert scale: Explored and explained. British journal of applied science & technology, 7(4), 396-403.

[51]. Bolarinwa, O. A. (2015). Principles and methods of validity and reliability testing of questionnaires used in social and health science researches. Nigerian postgraduate medical journal, 22(4), 195-201.

[52]. Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. (2014). Business research methods. Mcgraw-hill.

[53]. Bujang, M. A., Omar, E. D., & Baharum, N. A. (2018). A review on sample size determination for Cronbach’s alpha test: a simple guide for researchers. The Malaysian journal of medical sciences: MJMS, 25(6), 85.

[54]. Chavez, J., & Lamorinas, D. D. (2023). Reconfiguring assessment practices and strategies in online education during the pandemic. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 10(1), 160-174.

[55]. Sidel, J. L., Bleibaum, R. N., & Tao, K. C. (2018). Quantitative descriptive analysis. Descriptive analysis in sensory evaluation, 287-318.

[56]. Chavez, J. V. (2020). The effects of English as a second language on bilingual parents’ English language dispositions. International Journal of Novel Research in Education and Learning, 7(1), 12-25.

[57]. Punch, M. (2023). Achieving trust through accountability: the challenge for contemporary policing–and drawing on the past to shape the future.

[58]. Bradford, B., & Jackson, J. (2024). Trust in the Police: What is to be Done?. The Political Quarterly, 95(3), 442-449.

[59]. Farrow, K. (2024). Blame culture: The line between blame and accountability in policing. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 18, paae034.

[60]. Kamyshanskyi, O. (2024). Mechanisms for Ensuring Transparency and Accountability of Police Operations: A Comparative Study. Pakistan Journal of Criminology, 16(1).

[61]. Radić, I. (2023). Possibilities and Obstacles of Police Digital Communication with Citizens and the Community. DHS-Društvene i humanističke studije: časopis Filozofskog fakulteta u Tuzli, 24(24), 713-732.

[62]. Wünsch, D., & Hohl, K. (2009). Evidencing a ‘good practice model’of police communication: the impact of local policing newsletters on public confidence. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 3(4), 331-339.

[63]. Wattanasin, K., Srisaranukrom, P., & Wattanasin, S. (2023). Innovative Development of Public Communication System in Police. International Journal of Science and Innovative Technology, 6(2), 63-73.

[64]. Fielding, N. G. (2023). Police communications and social media. European Journal of Criminology, 20(1), 316-334.

[65]. Jackson, J., Bradford, B., Hough, M., Myhill, A., Quinton, P., & Tyler, T. R. (2012). Why do people comply with the law? Legitimacy and the influence of legal institutions. British journal of criminology, 52(6), 1051-1071.

[66]. Nix, J., Wolfe, S. E., Rojek, J., & Kaminski, R. J. (2015). Trust in the police: The influence of procedural justice and perceived collective efficacy. Crime & Delinquency, 61(4), 610-640.

[67]. Tankebe, J. (2008). Police effectiveness and police trustworthiness in Ghana: An empirical appraisal. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 8(2), 185-202.

[68]. Melkamu, M. T., & Teshome, W. (2023). Public trust in the police: Investigating the influence of police performance, procedural fairness, and police-community relations in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Cogent Social Sciences, 9(1), 2199559.

[69]. Myhill, A., & Bradford, B. (2013). Overcoming cop culture? Organizational justice and police officers’ attitudes toward the public. Policing: an international journal of police strategies & management, 36(2), 338-356.

[70]. Modise, J. M. (2023). Community Engagement in Policing: A Path to More Meaningful, Knowledgeable, and Successful Public Consultation. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 8 (6), 3892-3906.

[71]. Couture-Carron, A., O’Connor, C. D., & Chavannes, V. (2024). Community engagement ‘completes the puzzle’: the significance and meaning of community engagement to officers. Police Practice and Research, 1-17.

[72]. Ang, D., Bencsik, P., Bruhn, J., & Derenoncourt, E. (2023). Shots fired: Crime and community engagement with law enforcement after high-profile acts of police violence. Benjamin H. Griswold III, Class of 1933, Center for Economic Policy Studies, Department of Economics, Princeton University.

[73]. Nubani, L., Fierke-Gmazel, H., Madill, H., & De Biasi, A. (2023). Community Engagement in Crime Reduction Strategies: A Tale of Three Cities. Journal of Participatory Research Methods, 4(1).

[74]. Sapkota, U. (2024). Empowering Individuals Through Community Engagement in National Security: Shaping A Safer Future. The Shivapuri Journal, 25(1), 11-21.



21 Woodlands Close #02-10 Primz Bizhub Singapore 737854

Email:editorial_office@as-pub.com