Login Register

Environment and Social Psychology

  • Home
  • About the Journal
    • Focus and Scope
    • Peer Review Process
    • Open Access Policy
    • Publishing Ethics
    • Erratum & Withdrawal Policies
    • Copyright & Licence
    • Indexing & Archiving
    • Article Processing Charges (APC) Payment
    • Publisher
    • Contact
  • Article
    • Current
    • Archives
  • Submissions
  • Editorial Team
  • Announcements
  • Special Issues
Apply for Editorial Board Submit an Article

editor-in-chief

Editor-in-Chief

Prof. Dr. Paola Magnano
Kore University of Enna
Italy

Prof. Dr. Gabriela Topa
Social and organizational Psychology, Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia
Spain

indexing-and-archiving

Indexing & Archiving

issn

ISSN

ISSN: 2424-8975 (Online)

ISSN: 2424-7979 (Print)

apc

Article Processing Charges (APCs)

US$1700

frequency

Publication Frequency

Monthly since 2024

Most Viewed

  • The Role of Social Support and Environment: The Mediating Effect of College Students’ Psychology and Behavior
    9096
  • The sustainable practice of education fairness in China: The influence of college students’ perceptions of senior teachers' support on students’ well-being
    8284
  • The Balance Between Resource Development And Environmental Protection Is “Social Contracting”: The Case Of LAPSSET Project In Kenya
    7983
  • Analyzing impacts of campus journalism on student’s grammar consciousness and confidence in writing engagements
    7634
  • A trip down memory lane: Sustaining collective memory through old shophouses in Jalan Mendaling Kajang, Selangor
    6155

Keywords

Home > Archives > Vol. 10 No. 12 (2025): Published > Research Articles
ESP-3984

Published

2025-12-28

Issue

Vol. 10 No. 12 (2025): Published

Section

Research Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2025 Abdulmonam Yaheya Jawad, Raad Fajer Ftayh, Owrass Abdul-Hussein Abdullah, Bushra Abd-Al Latif Jasim, Jamal Alsaidi

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

The journal adopts the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0), which means that anyone can reuse and redistribute the materials for non-commercial purposes as long as you follow the license terms and the original source is properly cited.

Author(s) shall retain the copyright of their work and grant the Journal/Publisher rights for the first publication with the work concurrently licensed since 2023 Vol.8 No.2.

Under this license, author(s) will allow third parties to download, reuse, reprint, modify, distribute and/or copy the content under the condition that the authors are given credit. No permission is required from the authors or the publisher.

This broad license intends to facilitate free access, as well as the unrestricted use of original works of all types. This ensures that the published work is freely and openly available in perpetuity.

By providing open access, the following benefits are brought about:

  • Higher Visibility, Availability and Citations-free and unlimited accessibility of the publication over the internet without any restrictions increases citation of the article.
  • Ease of search-publications are easily searchable in search engines and indexing databases.
  • Rapid Publication – accepted papers are immediately published online.
  • Available for free download immediately after publication at https://esp.as-pub.com/index.php/ESP

 

Copyright Statement

1.The authors certify that the submitted manuscripts are original works, do not infringe the rights of others, are free from academic misconduct and confidentiality issues, and that there are no disputes over the authorship scheme of the collaborative articles. In case of infringement, academic misconduct and confidentiality issues, as well as disputes over the authorship scheme, all responsibilities will be borne by the authors.

2. The author agrees to grant the Editorial Office of Environment and Social Psychology a licence to use the reproduction right, distribution right, information network dissemination right, performance right, translation right, and compilation right of the submitted manuscript, including the work as a whole, as well as the diagrams, tables, abstracts, and any other parts that can be extracted from the work and used in accordance with the characteristics of the journal. The Editorial Board of Environment and Social Psychology has the right to use and sub-licence the above mentioned works for wide dissemination in print, electronic and online versions, and, in accordance with the characteristics of the periodical, for the period of legal protection of the property right of the copyright in the work, and for the territorial scope of the work throughout the world.

3. The authors are entitled to the copyright of their works under the relevant laws of Singapore, provided that they do not exercise their rights in a manner prejudicial to the interests of the Journal.

About Licence

Environment and Social Psychology is an open access journal and all published work is available under the Creative Commons Licence, Authors shall retain copyright of their work and grant the journal/publisher the right of first publication, and their work shall be licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Under this licence, the author grants permission to third parties to download, reuse, reprint, modify, distribute and/or copy the content with attribution to the author. No permission from the author or publisher is required.

This broad licence is intended to facilitate free access to and unrestricted use of original works of all kinds. This ensures that published works remain free and accessible in perpetuity. Submitted manuscripts, once accepted, are immediately available to the public and permanently accessible free of charge on the journal’s official website (https://esp.as-pub.com/index.php/ESP). Allowing users to read, download, copy, print, search for or link to the full text of the article, or use it for other legal purposes. However, the use of the work must retain the author's signature, be limited to non-commercial purposes, and not be interpretative.

Click to download <Agreement on the Licence for the Use of Copyright on Environmental and Social Psychology>.

How to Cite

Abdulmonam Yaheya Jawad, Raad Fajer Ftayh, Owrass Abdul-Hussein Abdullah, Bushra Abd-Al Latif Jasim, & Jamal Alsaidi. (2025). The legal framework of telemedicine in environmental health and disaster response. Environment and Social Psychology, 10(12), ESP-3984. https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i12.3984
  • ACM
  • ACS
  • APA
  • ABNT
  • Chicago
  • Harvard
  • IEEE
  • MLA
  • Turabian
  • Vancouver

  • Download Citation
  • Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
  • BibTeX

The legal framework of telemedicine in environmental health and disaster response

Abdulmonam Yaheya Jawad

Al-Turath University, Baghdad 10013, Iraq

Raad Fajer Ftayh

Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad 10067, Iraq

Owrass Abdul-Hussein Abdullah

Al-Mamoon University College, Baghdad 10012, Iraq

Bushra Abd-Al Latif Jasim

Al-Rafidain University College, Baghdad 10064, Iraq

Jamal Alsaidi

Madenat Alelem University College, Baghdad 10006, Iraq


DOI: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i12.3984


Keywords: Telemedicine; disaster response; legal framework; compliance burden; legal adaptability; regulatory flexibility; litigation analysis; environmental health


Abstract

Telemedicine is an important method in disaster-response and environmental health, providing timely medical help under demanding conditions. But regulatory vagueness and legal perils limit its effective use. Emerging telemedicine innovations must remain in compliance with sound legal and safety resilience standards. This study assesses the legal flexibility, administrative burdens, and dispute patterns associated with telemedicine rules for various jurisdictions, aiming to pinpoint impediments and suggest tactics for legal minimization. A mixed-methods approach was employed: quantitative analysis of the Legal Risk Index (LRI), Compliance Burden Index (CBI), Jurisdictional Complexity Function (JCF) and Legal Adaptability Score (LAS), and qualitative assessment of 10 litigation cases and 6 regulatory practices in 16 countries. The results indicate major differences in regulatory adaptiveness; Australia (LAS 0.800) and Japan (LAS 0.750) have adapted legal frameworks whereas China (LAS 0.200) and the EU (LAS 0.167) have inhibitive regulations. Since telemedicine providers are operational firms, they are subject to how the local population responds when there is a dispute, and the rates of litigation in the UK and China are high. A well-articulated global legal infrastructure and enabling regulatory environment remain paramount for enhancing the role of telemedicine evolving in disaster emergencies. This includes optimizing compliance pathways, improving the resolution of any disputes and making sure regulation is flexible to adapt to innovation while ensuring legal certainty and patient safety.


References

[1]. 1.Nittari G, Khuman R, Baldoni S, Pallotta G, Battineni G, Sirignano A, et al. Telemedicine Practice: Review of the Current Ethical and Legal Challenges. Telemedicine and e-Health. 2020;26(12):1427-37.

[2]. 2.Tedeschi C. Ethical, Legal, and Social Challenges in the Development and Implementation of Disaster Telemedicine. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. 2021;15(5):649-56.

[3]. 3.Ansah E, Amoadu M, Obeng P, Sarfo J. Health systems response to climate change adaptation: a scoping review of global evidence. BMC Public Health. 2024;24.

[4]. 4.Chun K, Octavianti T, Dogulu N, Tyralis H, Papacharalampous G, Rowberry R, et al. Transforming Disaster Risk Reduction With AI and Big Data: Legal and Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery. 2024;15.

[5]. 5.Bente B, Van Dongen A, Verdaasdonk R, Gemert-Pijnen J. eHealth implementation in Europe: a scoping review on legal, ethical, financial, and technological aspects. Frontiers in Digital Health. 2024;6.

[6]. 6.Holčapek T, Šolc M, Šustek P. Telemedicine and the standard of care: a call for a new approach? Frontiers in Public Health. 2023;11.

[7]. 7.Boyle T, Boggs K, Gao J, McMahon M, Bedenbaugh R, Schmidt L, et al. Hospital-Level Implementation Barriers, Facilitators, and Willingness to Use a New Regional Disaster Teleconsultation System: Cross-Sectional Survey Study. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance. 2023;9.

[8]. 8.Curioso W, Coronel-Chucos L, Henríquez-Suarez M. Integrating Telehealth for Strengthening Health Systems in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Perspective from Peru. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023;20.

[9]. 9.Savoldelli A, Landi D, Rizzi C. Exploring Quantitative Methodologies for Assessing the Environmental, Social, and Economic Impacts of Telemedicine: A Literature Review. Sustainability. 2024.

[10]. 10.Boyle T. The Path of Telemedicine in Disaster Response. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. 2024;18:e176.

[11]. 11.Doarn CR, Latifi R, Poropatich RK, Sokolovich N, Kosiak D, Hostiuc F, et al. Development and Validation of Telemedicine for Disaster Response: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization Multinational System. Telemedicine and e-Health. 2018;24(9):657-68.

[12]. 12.Gulzari A, Tarakci H. A healthcare location-allocation model with an application of telemedicine for an earthquake response phase. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 2021;55:102100.

[13]. 13.Botrugno C. Telemedicine in daily practice: Addressing legal challenges while waiting for an EU regulatory framework. Health Policy and Technology. 2018;7(2):131-6.

[14]. 14.Park DW, Ryoo HS, Hyeon SH. Improving Legal Framework for Telemedicine between Physicians and Patients. Crisis and Emergency Management: Theory and Praxis. 2024.

[15]. 15.Solimini R, Busardò FP, Gibelli F, Sirignano A, Ricci G. Ethical and Legal Challenges of Telemedicine in the Era of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Medicina [Internet]. 2021; 57(12).

[16]. 16.Mohammadzadeh N, Saeedi S, Rezayi S. Telemedicine and natural disasters: various services, requirements, challenges, and general framework. Frontiers in Emergency Medicine. 2022.

[17]. 17.Rene Zakharia P, Hono S, Wieke Dewi S. Legal Reconstruction of the Legality of Digital Telemedicine in the Health Industry. International Journal of Sociology and Law. 2024;1(4):132-43.

[18]. 18.Iswandari H, Erawati, A., Sugiharto, S., & , H. Reconstructing Legal Frameworks for Safeguarding Telemedicine Consumers. International Journal of Religion. 2024;5(11):4309-15.

[19]. 19.Perez-Roman RJ, Trenchfield DR, Perez-Roman NI, Wang MY. The Legal and Socioeconomic Considerations in Spine Telemedicine. Neurosurgery. 2022;90(4).

[20]. 20.Puri. A. Legal Challenges and Considerations in Implementing Telemedicine Services International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research 2024;9(9): 3453-9.

[21]. 21.Kovalenko. MA. Legal regulation of remote consultation in the field of telemedicine. Digital Diagnostics 2024;5(1S):34-6.

[22]. 22.Becker Christian D, Dandy K, Gaujean M, Fusaro M, Scurlock C. Legal Perspectives on Telemedicine Part 1: Legal and Regulatory Issues. The Permanente Journal. 2019;23(3):18-293.

[23]. 23.Townsend BA, Scott RE, Mars M. The development of ethical guidelines for telemedicine in South Africa. South African Journal of Bioethics and Law. 2019.

[24]. 24.Nejad SS, Jannati N, Sarabi RE, Bahaadinbeigy K, editors. Use of telemedicine and e-health in disasters: a systematic review2020.

[25]. 25.Anwar S, Prasad R, Chowdhary BS, Anjum MR. A Telemedicine Platform for Disaster Management and Emergency Care. Wireless Personal Communications. 2019;106(1):191-204.

[26]. 26.Vazov R, Kanazireva R, Grynko TV, Krupskyi OP. Strategies for Healthcare Disaster Management in the Context of Technology Innovation: the Case of Bulgaria. Medicni perspektivi. 2024;29(2):215-28.

[27]. 27.Rolston DM, Meltzer JS. Telemedicine in the Intensive Care Unit: Its Role in Emergencies and Disaster Management. Critical Care Clinics. 2015;31(2):239-55.

[28]. 28.Burke BL, Jr., Hall RW, the SOTC, Dehnel PJ, Alexander JJ, Bell DM, et al. Telemedicine: Pediatric Applications. Pediatrics. 2015;136(1):e293-e308.

[29]. 29.Woodward CA, Voskanyan A, Benham TL, Issa FS, Hart A, Ciottone GR. Mental Health in Disaster Medical Response Teams: An Assessment of Existing Resources and Applications for Telemedicine. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine. 2022;37(S2):s78-s.

[30]. 30.Augusterfer EF, Mollica RF, Lavelle J. A review of telemental health in international and post-disaster settings. International Review of Psychiatry. 2015;27(6):540-6.

[31]. 31.Parimbelli E, Bottalico B, Losiouk E, Tomasi M, Santosuosso A, Lanzola G, et al. Trusting telemedicine: A discussion on risks, safety, legal implications and liability of involved stakeholders. International Journal of Medical Informatics. 2018;112:90-8.

[32]. 32.Müller A, Kraus S, Arimond R, Kunczik J, Rossaint R, Czaplik M, et al. Telemedicine in civil protection: A controlled simulation study for the analysis of patient care. DIGITAL HEALTH. 2024;10:20552076241272662.

[33]. 33.Metanat S, Kazemi F, Afraz S, Heydari M. Telemedicine Applications in Primary Health Care During a Crisis: A Scoping Review. Depiction of Health. 2023;14(2):260-74.

[34]. 34.Khatri J, Fitzgerald G, Poudyal Chhetri MB. Health Risks in Disaster Responders: A Conceptual Framework. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine. 2019;34:209 - 16.

[35]. 35.Jain D. Regulation of Digital Healthcare in India: Ethical and Legal Challenges. Healthcare. 2023;11.

[36]. 36.Khatri R, Endalamaw A, Erku D, Wolka E, Nigatu F, Zewdie A, et al. Preparedness, impacts, and responses of public health emergencies towards health security: qualitative synthesis of evidence. Archives of Public Health. 2023;81.

[37]. 37.Mahdavi S, Fekri M, Mohammadi-Sarab S, Mehmandoost M, Zarei E. The use of telemedicine in family medicine: a scoping review. BMC Health Services Research. 2025;25.

[38]. 38.Ahmed A, Mutahar M, Daghrery A, Albar N, Alhadidi IQ, Asiri A, et al. A Systematic Review of Publications on Perceptions and Management of Chronic Medical Conditions Using Telemedicine Remote Consultations by Primary Healthcare Professionals April 2020 to December 2021 During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2024;30.

[39]. 39.Malakhov K. Insight into the Digital Health System of Ukraine (eHealth): Trends, Definitions, Standards, and Legislative Revisions. International Journal of Telerehabilitation. 2023;15.

[40]. 40.Hosseini S, Boushehri SA, Alimohammadzadeh K. Challenges and solutions for implementing telemedicine in Iran from health policymakers’ perspective. BMC Health Services Research. 2024;24.

[41]. 41.Lu J, Ling K, Zhong W-D, He H, Ruan Z, Han W. Construction of a 5G-based, three-dimensional, and efficiently connected emergency medical management system. Heliyon. 2023;9.

[42]. 42.Nobile G. Legal Aspects of the Use Artificial Intelligence in Telemedicine. Journal of Digital Technologies and Law. 2023.

[43]. 43.Haimi M. Telemedicine in war zones: prospects, barriers, and meeting the needs of special populations. Frontiers in Medicine. 2024;11.



ISSN: 2424-8975
21 Woodlands Close #02-10, Primz Bizhub,Postal 737854, Singapore

Email:editorial_office@as-pub.com