ESP-3306

Published

2025-06-18

Issue

Vol. 10 No. 6 (2025): Published

Section

Research Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2025 Doreen Seff-Bin Mubarak, Mokoena Patronella Maepa

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

The journal adopts the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0), which means that anyone can reuse and redistribute the materials for non-commercial purposes as long as you follow the license terms and the original source is properly cited.

Author(s) shall retain the copyright of their work and grant the Journal/Publisher rights for the first publication with the work concurrently licensed since 2023 Vol.8 No.2.

Under this license, author(s) will allow third parties to download, reuse, reprint, modify, distribute and/or copy the content under the condition that the authors are given credit. No permission is required from the authors or the publisher.

This broad license intends to facilitate free access, as well as the unrestricted use of original works of all types. This ensures that the published work is freely and openly available in perpetuity.

By providing open access, the following benefits are brought about:

  • Higher Visibility, Availability and Citations-free and unlimited accessibility of the publication over the internet without any restrictions increases citation of the article.
  • Ease of search-publications are easily searchable in search engines and indexing databases.
  • Rapid Publication – accepted papers are immediately published online.
  • Available for free download immediately after publication at https://esp.as-pub.com/index.php/ESP

 

Copyright Statement

1.The authors certify that the submitted manuscripts are original works, do not infringe the rights of others, are free from academic misconduct and confidentiality issues, and that there are no disputes over the authorship scheme of the collaborative articles. In case of infringement, academic misconduct and confidentiality issues, as well as disputes over the authorship scheme, all responsibilities will be borne by the authors.

2. The author agrees to grant the Editorial Office of Environment and Social Psychology a licence to use the reproduction right, distribution right, information network dissemination right, performance right, translation right, and compilation right of the submitted manuscript, including the work as a whole, as well as the diagrams, tables, abstracts, and any other parts that can be extracted from the work and used in accordance with the characteristics of the journal. The Editorial Board of Environment and Social Psychology has the right to use and sub-licence the above mentioned works for wide dissemination in print, electronic and online versions, and, in accordance with the characteristics of the periodical, for the period of legal protection of the property right of the copyright in the work, and for the territorial scope of the work throughout the world.

3. The authors are entitled to the copyright of their works under the relevant laws of Singapore, provided that they do not exercise their rights in a manner prejudicial to the interests of the Journal.

About Licence

Environment and Social Psychology is an open access journal and all published work is available under the Creative Commons Licence, Authors shall retain copyright of their work and grant the journal/publisher the right of first publication, and their work shall be licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Under this licence, the author grants permission to third parties to download, reuse, reprint, modify, distribute and/or copy the content with attribution to the author. No permission from the author or publisher is required.

This broad licence is intended to facilitate free access to and unrestricted use of original works of all kinds. This ensures that published works remain free and accessible in perpetuity. Submitted manuscripts, once accepted, are immediately available to the public and permanently accessible free of charge on the journal’s official website (https://esp.as-pub.com/index.php/ESP). Allowing users to read, download, copy, print, search for or link to the full text of the article, or use it for other legal purposes. However, the use of the work must retain the author's signature, be limited to non-commercial purposes, and not be interpretative.

Click to download <Agreement on the Licence for the Use of Copyright on Environmental and Social Psychology>.

How to Cite

Seff-Bin-Mubarak, D., & Maepa, M. P. (2025). Quality of life among retired people in Gauteng Province of South Africa: Assessing the role of socio-demographic factors. Environment and Social Psychology, 10(6), ESP-3306. https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i6.3306

Quality of life among retired people in Gauteng Province of South Africa: Assessing the role of socio-demographic factors

Doreen Seff-Bin-Mubarak

Doreen Seff-Bin Mubarak, Department of Clinical Psychology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa. Cell: +27 82 997 0802, email: Doreen.seff@gmail.com

Mokoena Patronella Maepa

Mokoena Patronella Maepa, Department of Clinical Psychology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa. Cell: +27 78 523 4047, email: mokoenamaepa@gmail.com, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9556-7939


DOI: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i6.3306


Keywords: socio-demographic factors; age; gender; care, quality of life, retirement

Abstract

Introduction: The retirement period can be filled with mixed emotions for the retiree. Some of the challenges associated with retirement include socioeconomic factors and quality of life (QoL). The study comprised of a population of retired women (n = 94, 37.6%) and men (n = 156, 62.4%). This study aims to explore the role played by socio-demographic factors on the quality of life among retired people in Gauteng Province, South Africa.

Methods: a quantitative, cross-sectional descriptive design was adopted. Data was collected telephonically, paper-based, and online from 250 retirees who were 60 years of age and above and were sampled using snowball sampling through their social networks.  Participants were recruited in Gauteng province, South Africa in 2020. Multiple regression analysis was utilised to test the influence of socio-demographic factors on the quality of life of participants.

Results: The results revealed that age, have dependents, and needed care or support in the last 12 months jointly contributed about 24% (R2 = .240), R = .490 (Adjusted R2 =.218), F (4, 179) = 11.233, p < .001) to the variance in QOL. Independently, age (β = -.216 t = -2.864, p < .005), have dependents (β = -.196, t = -2.928, p < .004), and need care or support in the last 12 months (β = -.240, t = -3.219, p < .002) contributed significantly and negatively to QOL.

Conclusions: The results concluded that socio-demographic factors influence the QOL of retired people.  The practical implications of these findings highlight the importance of targeted support for older retirees, particularly those over 70, those with dependents, and those requiring care. Future research should incorporate longitudinal studies to explore how QOL changes over retirement and how shifts in socio-demographic status influence this path.

Author Biographies

Doreen Seff-Bin-Mubarak, Doreen Seff-Bin Mubarak, Department of Clinical Psychology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa. Cell: +27 82 997 0802, email: Doreen.seff@gmail.com

Clinical Psychology

Mokoena Patronella Maepa, Mokoena Patronella Maepa, Department of Clinical Psychology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa. Cell: +27 78 523 4047, email: mokoenamaepa@gmail.com, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9556-7939

Clinical Psychology

References

[1]. 1.Cavanaugh JC, Blanchard-Fields F. Adult development and aging. 7th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning; 2015.

[2]. 2.Rosenthal D, Moore S. The psychology of retirement. New York: Routledge; 2018. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351169882.

[3]. 3.Coe NB, Zamarro G. Retirement effects on health in Europe. J Health Econ. 2011;30(1):77-86. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2010.11.002.

[4]. 4.Wang M, Shi J. Psychological research on retirement. Annu Rev Psychol. 2014;65(1):209-33. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115131.

[5]. 5.Hillier SM, Barrow GM. Aging, the individual, and society. 10th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning; 2015.

[6]. 6.Mazzonna F, Peracchi F. Unhealthy retirement? J Hum Resour. 2017;52(1):128-51. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.52.1.0914-6627R1.

[7]. 7.Petters JS, Asuquo PN. Work-role attachment and retirement intentions of public-school teachers in Calabar, Nigeria. Stud Home Community Sci. 2008;2(1):11-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/09737189.2008.11885248.

[8]. 8.Wang M, Shultz KS. Employee retirement: A review and recommendations for future investigation. J Manage. 2010;36(1):172-206. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206309347957.

[9]. 9.Schlossberg NK. A model for analyzing human adaptation to transition. Couns Psychol. 1981;9(2):2-18. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/001100008100900202.

[10]. 10.Gee S, Baillie J. Happily, ever after? An exploration of retirement expectations. Educ Gerontol. 1999;25(2):109-28. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/036012799267909.

[11]. 11. Sargent LD, Lee MD, Martin B, Zikic J. Reinventing retirement: new pathways, new arrangements, new meanings. Hum Relat. 2013;66(1):3-21. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726712465658.

[12]. 12. Atchley RC. A continuity theory of normal aging. Gerontologist. 1989;29(2):183-90. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/29.2.183.

[13]. 13. Wong JY, Earl JK. Towards an integrated model of individual, psychosocial, and organizational predictors of retirement adjustment. J Vocat Behav. 2009;75(1):1-13. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2008.12.010.

[14]. 14. Netuveli G, Wiggins RD, Hildon Z, Montgomery SM, Blane D. Quality of life at older ages: Evidence from the English longitudinal study of aging (wave 1). J Epidemiol Community Health. 2006;60(4):357-63. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2005.040071.

[15]. 15. Blane D, Netuveli G, Montgomery SM. Quality of life, health and physiological status and change at older ages. Soc Sci Med. 2008;66(7):1579-87. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.12.021.

[16]. 16. Grassi L, Caruso R, Da Ronch C, Härter M, Schulz H, Volkert J, Dehoust M, Sehner S, Suling A, Wegscheider K, Ausín B. Quality of life, level of functioning, and its relationship with mental and physical disorders in the elderly: Results from the MentDis_ICF65+ study. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2020;18(1):1-12. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-020-01310-6.

[17]. 17.World Health Organization. World report on ageing and health. Geneva: WHO; 2015. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/186463.

[18]. 18. Lusardi A, Mitchell OS. How ordinary consumers make complex economic decisions: Financial literacy and retirement readiness. Q J Finance. 2017;7(03):1750008. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1142/S2010139217500082.

[19]. 19. Madero-Cabib I, Fasang AE. Gendered work–family life courses and financial well-being in retirement. Adv Life Course Res. 2016;27:43-60. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcr.2015.11.003.

[20]. 20. Nanziri EL, Leibbrandt M. Measuring and profiling financial literacy in South Africa. S Afr J Econ Manag Sci. 2018;21(1):1-17. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v21i1.1645.

[21]. 21.Refera MK, Dhaliwal NK, Kaur J. Financial literacy for developing countries in Africa: A review of concept, significance and research opportunities. J Afr Stud Dev. 2016;8(1):1-12. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5897/JASD2015.0331.

[22]. 22.Zwane T, Greyling L, Maleka M. The determinants of household saving in South Africa: A panel data approach. Int Bus Econ Res J. 2016;15(4):209-18. Available from: https://doi.org/10.19030/iber.v15i4.9758.

[23]. 23.Hansson I, Buratti S, Thorvaldsson V, Johansson B, Berg AI. Changes in life satisfaction in the retirement transition: Interaction effects of transition type and individual resources. Work Aging Retirement. 2017;4(4):352-66. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/workar/wax025.

[24]. 24.Shultz KS, Wang M. Psychological perspectives on the changing nature of retirement. Am Psychol. 2011;66(3):170-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022411.

[25]. 25. Gómez-Olivé FX, Montana L, Wagner RG, Kabudula CW, Rohr JK, Kahn K, Bärnighausen T, Collinson M, Canning D, Gaziano T, Salomon JA. Cohort profile: Health and ageing in Africa: A longitudinal study of an INDEPTH community in South Africa (HAALSI). Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47(3):689-90. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyx247.

[26]. 26. Harling G, Perkins JM, Gómez-Olivé FX, Morris K, Wagner RG, Montana L, Kabudula CW, Bärnighausen T, Kahn K, Berkman L. Interviewer-driven variability in social network reporting: Results from Health and Aging in Africa: A Longitudinal Study of an INDEPTH community (HAALSI) in South Africa. Field Methods. 2018;30(2):140-54. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822x18769498.

[27]. 27.Payne CF, Gómez-Olivé FX, Kahn K, Berkman L. Physical function in an aging population in rural South Africa: Findings from HAALSI and cross-national comparisons with HRS sister studies. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2017;72(4):665-79. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbx030.

[28]. 28. Atchley RC. Retirement: Leaving the world of work. Ann Am Acad Pol Soc Sci. 1982;464(1):120-31. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1043818.

[29]. 29.Wu AM, Tang CS, Yan EC. Post-retirement voluntary work and psychological functioning among older Chinese in Hong Kong. J Cross Cult Gerontol. 2005;20(1):27-45. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10823-005-3796-5.

[30]. 30.Mishra N. The nature of retirement: Factors responsible for affecting retirement decision. Indian J Gerontol. 2019;33(2):205-15.

[31]. 31.Di Fabio A, Blustein DL. Editorial: From meaning of working to meaningful lives: The challenges of expanding decent work. Front Psychol. 2016;7:1119. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01119.

[32]. 32.Shumaker SA, Anderson RT, Czajkowski SM. Psychological aspects of HRQOL measurement: Tests and scales. In: Spilker B, editor. Quality of life assessment in clinical trials. New York: Raven Press; 1990.

[33]. 33.Hagen EW, Barnet JH, Hale L, Peppard PE. Changes in sleep duration and sleep timing associated with retirement transitions. Sleep. 2016;39(3):665-73. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.5548.

[34]. 34. Olds TS, Sprod J, Ferrar K, Burton N, Brown W, van Uffelen J, Maher C. Everybody’s working for the weekend: Changes in enjoyment of everyday activities across the retirement threshold. Age Ageing. 2016;45(6):850-5. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afw099.

[35]. 35. Dorfman LT. Health conditions and perceived quality of life in retirement. Health Soc Work. 1995;20(3):192-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/hsw/20.3.192.

[36]. 36.Hershey DA, Henkens K. Impact of different types of retirement transitions on perceived satisfaction with life. Gerontologist. 2013;54(2):232-44. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnt006.

[37]. 37.Van Solinge H, Henkens K. Adjustment to and satisfaction with retirement: Two of a kind? Psychol Aging. 2008;23(2):422-34. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.23.2.422.

[38]. 38. Mann CJ. Observational research methods. Research design II: Cohort, cross sectional, and case-control studies. Emerg Med J. 2003;20(1):54-60. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/emj.20.1.54.

[39]. 39. Etikan I, Alkassim R, Abubakar S. Comparison of snowball sampling and sequential sampling technique. Biom Biostat Int J. 2016;3(1):55. Available from: https://doi.org/10.15406/bbij.2016.03.00055.

[40]. 40. Heckathorn DD. Comment: Snowball versus respondent-driven sampling. Sociol Methodol. 2011;41(1):355-66. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9531.2011.01244.x

[41]. 41. Cohen N, Arieli T. Field research in conflict environments: Methodological challenges and snowball sampling. J Peace Res. 2011;48(4):423-35. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343311405698.

[42]. 42. Burckhardt CS, Woods SL, Schultz AA, Ziebarth DM. Quality of life of adults with chronic illness: A psychometric study. Res Nurs Health. 1989;12(6):347-54. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.4770120604.

[43]. 43. Bosman JJ. An investigation into the nature of religious experience and the compilation of a preliminary questionnaire for the empirical measuring thereof [master’s thesis]. Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University; 1990.

[44]. 44.Makiwane M, Kwizera SA. An investigation of quality of life of the elderly in South Africa, with specific reference to Mpumalanga Province. Appl Res Qual Life. 2006;1(3-4):297-313. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11482-007-9022-6.

[45]. 45.Van Biljon L, Roos V. The nature of quality of life in residential care facilities: The case of white older South Africans. J Psychol Afr. 2015;25(3):201-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2015.1065054.

[46]. 46.Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using Multivariate Statistics. 6th ed. Pearson Education Inc; 2013.

[47]. 47. George LK. Still happy after all these years: Research frontiers on subjective well-being in later life. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2010;65(3):331-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbq006.

[48]. 48.Huguet N, Kaplan MS, Feeny D. Socioeconomic status and health-related quality of life among elderly people: Results from the Joint Canada/United States Survey of Health. Soc Sci Med. 2008;66(4):803-10.

[49]. 49.Tajvar M, Arab M, Montazeri A. Determinants of health-related quality of life in elderly in Tehran, Iran. BMC Public Health. 2008;8(1):323. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-323.

[50]. 50.Blane D, Higgs P, Hyde M, Wiggins RD. Life course influences on quality of life in early old age. Soc Sci Med. 2004;58(11):2171-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.08.028.

[51]. 51.Pinquart M, Sörensen S. Influences of socioeconomic status, social network, and competence on subjective well-being in later life: A meta-analysis. Psychol Aging. 2000;15(2):187-224. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1037//0882-7974.15.2.187.

[52]. 52.Von Dem Knesebeck O, Wahrendorf M, Hyde M, Siegrist J. Socio-economic position and quality of life among older people in 10 European countries: Results of the SHARE study. Ageing Soc. 2007;27(2):269-84.

[53]. 53.Akyol Y, Durmuş D, Doğan C, Bek Y, Cantürk F. Quality of life and level of depressive symptoms in the geriatric population. Arch Rheumatol. 2010;25(4):165-73. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5152/tjr.2010.23.

[54]. 54. Bilgili N, Arpacı F. Quality of life of older adults in Turkey. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2014;59(2):415-21. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2014.07.005.

[55]. 55.Gambin G, Molzahn A, Fuhrmann AC, Morais EP, Paskulin LM. Quality of life of older adults in rural southern Brazil. Rural Remote Health. 2015;15(3):3300. PMID: 26363721.

[56]. 56. Thuku PW, Ireri AM. Relationship between access to retirement information and retirement preparation among prospective retirees in Nyeri County, Kenya. Open J Soc Sci Res. 2013;1(1):1-6. Available from: http://www.sciknow.org/article/detail/id/165.

[57]. 57.Thuku D. Influence of socio-demographic factors on quality of life of retirees in Kenya. Imperial J Interdiscip Res. 2016;2(2):90-100. Available from: http://www.imperialjournals.com/index.php/IJIR/article/view/85/80.

[58]. 58.Morgan UOM, Etukumana EA, Abasiubong F. Sociodemographic factors affecting the quality of life of elderly persons attending the general outpatient clinics of a tertiary hospital, South-South Nigeria. Niger Med J. 2017;58(4):138-42. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4103/nmj.nmj_124.

[59]. 59. Van der Heide I, van Rijn RM, Robroek SJ, Burdorf A, Proper KI. Is retirement good for your health? A systematic review of longitudinal studies. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1):1180. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-1180.

[60]. 60. Sjöberg O. Routes to retirement, working conditions and quality of life in comparative perspective. Health Place. 2022; 75:102797.

[61]. 61.Shultz KS, Morton KR, Weckerle JR. The influence of push and pull factors on voluntary and involuntary early retirees’ retirement decision and adjustment. J Vocat Behav. 1998;53(1):45-57. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1997.1610

[62]. 62.Brett CE, Dykiert D, Starr JM, Deary IJ. Predicting change in quality of life from age 79 to 90 in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1921. Qual Life Res. 2019;28(3):737-749. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-018-2056-4

[63]. 63. Joshi MR. Living arrangements and quality of life of Nepalese elderly in rural Nepal. Indian J Gerontol. 2019;33(2). Available from: https://www.academia.edu/41469006/Living_Arrangements_and_Quality_of_life_of_Nepalese_Elderly_in_Rural_Nepal

[64]. 64.Evandrou M, Glaser K. Family, work, and quality of life: Changing economic and social roles through the lifecourse. Ageing Soc. 2004;24(5):771-91. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X04002545

[65]. 65. Nyambedha EO, Wandibba S, Aagaard-Hansen J. “Retirement lost”—the new role of the elderly as caretakers for orphans in western Kenya. J Cross Cult Gerontol. 2003;18(1):33-52. doi:10.1023/A:1024826528476

[66]. 66. Barbosa R, da Costa, Sousa ALL. Association of self-perceived quality of life and health, physical activity, and functional performance among older adults in the interior of Brazil. Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontol. 2022;24(4): e210141. doi:10.1590/1981-22562022025.210141

[67]. 67. Micali PN, Fukushima RLM, do Carmo EG, Costa JLR, Codogno JS. Influence of retirement on health conditions and quality of life. ConScientiae Saúde. 2019;18(1):42-8.

[68]. 68.Bryant C, Jackson H, Ames D. The prevalence of anxiety in older adults: Methodological issues and a review of the literature. J Affect Disord. 2008;109(3):233-50. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2007.11.008.

[69]. 69.Cheok A, Snowdon J, Miller R, Vaughan R. The prevalence of anxiety disorders in nursing homes. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1996;11(5):405-10. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(199605)11:5<405: AID-GPS302>3.0.CO;2-O.

[70]. 70.Wang M, Hesketh B. Achieving well-being in retirement: Recommendations from 20 years’ research. Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Inc. (SIOP White Paper Series); 2012.

[71]. 71.Thuku P. Relationship between retirement preparation in the psychosocial, financial and health domains and the quality of life of retirees in Nyeri County, Kenya [unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Kenyatta University; 2015.

[72]. 72.Alavinia SM, Burdorf A. Unemployment and retirement and ill-health: A cross-sectional analysis across European countries. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2008;82(1):39-45. doi:10.1007/s00420-008-0347-5.

[73]. 73. Almeida DM, Wong JD. Life transitions and daily stress process. In: Elder GH, Giele JZ, editors. The craft of life course research. New York: Guilford; 2009. p. 141–62.

[74]. 74.Kithinji C. Aging and retirement in Kenya: Focus on aging and retired teachers under the Teachers Service Commission (TSC) [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Kenyatta University; 2012.

[75]. 75. Kock T, Yoong F, Fatt C. Age cohort effect on financial planning preparation. J Manag Sustain. 2012;2(2):18–34.

[76]. 76.Bender K. The well-being of retirees: Evidence using subjective data. 2004. Available from: http://www.bc.edu/centers/crr/papers/wp_2004-24.pdf

[77]. 77. Maina L, Mugenda O. Family-related factors correlating with quality of life in Kenya. Prime J Soc Sci. 2013;2(10):474–81.

[78]. 78.Dan A. What are people doing to prepare for retirement? Structural, personal, work, and family predictors of planning [unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Western Reserve University; 2004.

[79]. 79.Quick E, Moen P. Gender, employment and retirement quality: A life course approach to the differential experiences of men and women. J Occup Health Psychol. 1998;3(1):44-64.

[80]. 80.Kim J, Moen P. Is retirement good or bad for subjective well-being? Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2001;10(3):83-6.

[81]. 81.Bassanini A, Caroli E. Is work bad for health? The role of constraint versus choice. Ann Econ Stat. 2015;(119-120):13-37.



21 Woodlands Close #02-10, Primz Bizhub,Postal 737854, Singapore

Email:editorial_office@as-pub.com