Published
2025-10-31
Section
Research Articles
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Yun Zhang

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The journal adopts the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0), which means that anyone can reuse and redistribute the materials for non-commercial purposes as long as you follow the license terms and the original source is properly cited.
Author(s) shall retain the copyright of their work and grant the Journal/Publisher rights for the first publication with the work concurrently licensed since 2023 Vol.8 No.2.
Under this license, author(s) will allow third parties to download, reuse, reprint, modify, distribute and/or copy the content under the condition that the authors are given credit. No permission is required from the authors or the publisher.
This broad license intends to facilitate free access, as well as the unrestricted use of original works of all types. This ensures that the published work is freely and openly available in perpetuity.
By providing open access, the following benefits are brought about:
- Higher Visibility, Availability and Citations-free and unlimited accessibility of the publication over the internet without any restrictions increases citation of the article.
- Ease of search-publications are easily searchable in search engines and indexing databases.
- Rapid Publication – accepted papers are immediately published online.
- Available for free download immediately after publication at https://esp.as-pub.com/index.php/ESP

Copyright Statement
1.The authors certify that the submitted manuscripts are original works, do not infringe the rights of others, are free from academic misconduct and confidentiality issues, and that there are no disputes over the authorship scheme of the collaborative articles. In case of infringement, academic misconduct and confidentiality issues, as well as disputes over the authorship scheme, all responsibilities will be borne by the authors.
2. The author agrees to grant the Editorial Office of Environment and Social Psychology a licence to use the reproduction right, distribution right, information network dissemination right, performance right, translation right, and compilation right of the submitted manuscript, including the work as a whole, as well as the diagrams, tables, abstracts, and any other parts that can be extracted from the work and used in accordance with the characteristics of the journal. The Editorial Board of Environment and Social Psychology has the right to use and sub-licence the above mentioned works for wide dissemination in print, electronic and online versions, and, in accordance with the characteristics of the periodical, for the period of legal protection of the property right of the copyright in the work, and for the territorial scope of the work throughout the world.
3. The authors are entitled to the copyright of their works under the relevant laws of Singapore, provided that they do not exercise their rights in a manner prejudicial to the interests of the Journal.
About Licence
Environment and Social Psychology is an open access journal and all published work is available under the Creative Commons Licence, Authors shall retain copyright of their work and grant the journal/publisher the right of first publication, and their work shall be licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Under this licence, the author grants permission to third parties to download, reuse, reprint, modify, distribute and/or copy the content with attribution to the author. No permission from the author or publisher is required.
This broad licence is intended to facilitate free access to and unrestricted use of original works of all kinds. This ensures that published works remain free and accessible in perpetuity. Submitted manuscripts, once accepted, are immediately available to the public and permanently accessible free of charge on the journal’s official website (https://esp.as-pub.com/index.php/ESP). Allowing users to read, download, copy, print, search for or link to the full text of the article, or use it for other legal purposes. However, the use of the work must retain the author's signature, be limited to non-commercial purposes, and not be interpretative.
Click to download <Agreement on the Licence for the Use of Copyright on Environmental and Social Psychology>.
How to Cite
Colonial trauma and identity negotiation: A social psychological analysis of racial consciousness in achebe's novels
Yun Zhang
English Language and Literature Department, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Korea
DOI: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i10.4116
Keywords: Social identity threat; collective trauma; reactive self-stereotyping; intersectional resilience; cultural schema theory
Abstract
This study re-examines Chinua Achebe's works through social identity theory [1] and cultural trauma theory [2]. The analysis reveals how colonial oppression triggers identity threat [3] and collective self-redefinition [4]. Quantitative analysis of Igbo proverbs' emotional valence demonstrates cultural trauma encoding; characters like Okonkwo exhibit reactive self-stereotyping [5] under colonial pressure. The intersection of gender and class is analyzed via social identity complexity [6], showing Beatrice's leadership in Anthills of the Savannah as intersectional resilience through oral tradition appropriation. The research bridges postcolonial literature with social psychology, offering new frameworks for understanding identity reconstruction in postcolonial contexts.
References
[1]. 1.Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-47). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
[2]. 2.Alexander, J. C. (2004). Cultural trauma and collective identity. Berkeley: University of California Press.
[3]. 3.Steele, C. M. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. American Psychologist, 52(6), 613-629.
[4]. 4.Breakwell, G. M. (1986). Coping with threatened identities. London: Methuen.
[5]. 5.Leyens, J. P., Yzerbyt, V., & Schadron, G. (1994). Stereotypes and social cognition. London: Sage Publications.
[6]. 6.Roccas, S., & Brewer, M. B. (2002). Social identity complexity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6(2), 88-106.
[7]. 7.Fanon, F. (1952). Black skin, white masks [Peau noire, masques blancs]. Paris: Éditions du Seuil. (English translation: New York: Grove Press, 1967).
[8]. 8.Tajfel, H. (1981). Human groups and social categories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[9]. 9.Major, B., & O'Brien, L. T. (2005). The social psychology of stigma. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 393-421.
[10]. 10.Kirmayer, L. J., Gone, J. P., & Moses, J. (2014). Rethinking historical trauma. Transcultural Psychiatry, 51(3), 299-319.
[11]. 11.Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: International Universities Press.
[12]. 12.Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 139-167.
[13]. 13.Verkuyten, M. (2018). The social psychology of ethnic identity (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
[14]. 14.Eyerman, R. (2001). Cultural trauma: Slavery and the formation of African American identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[15]. 15.Martin, M. M., & Rubin, R. B. (1995). A new measure of cognitive flexibility. Psychological Reports, 76(2), 623-626.
[16]. 16.Achebe, C. (1958). Things fall apart. London: Heinemann.
[17]. 17.Achebe, C. (1960). No longer at ease. London: Heinemann.
[18]. 18.Achebe, C. (1987). Anthills of the Savannah. London: Heinemann.
[19]. 19.Achebe, C. (1964). Arrow of God. London: Heinemann.
[20]. 20.Oyserman, D. (2007). Social identity and self-regulation. In A. W. Kruglanski & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (2nd ed., pp. 432-453). New York: Guilford Press.
[21]. 21.Markus, H., & Nurius, P. (1986). Possible selves. American Psychologist, 41(9), 954-969.
[22]. 22.Bosma, H. A., & Kunnen, E. S. (2001). Determinants and mechanisms in ego identity development: A review and synthesis. Developmental Review, 21(1), 39-66.
[23]. 23.Han, S., & Ma, Y. (2014). Cultural differences in human brain activity: A quantitative meta-analysis. NeuroImage, 99, 293-300.
[24]. 24.Hirst, W., Phelps, E. A., Buckner, R. L., Budson, A. E., Cuc, A., Gabrieli, J. D., ... & Vaidya, C. J. (2009). Long-term memory for the terrorist attack of September 11: Flashbulb memories, event memories, and the factors that influence their retention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 138(2), 161-176.
[25]. 25.Purdie-Vaughns, V., & Eibach, R. P. (2008). Intersectional invisibility: The distinctive advantages and disadvantages of multiple subordinate-group identities. Sex Roles, 59(5-6), 377-391.
[26]. 26.Ryan, M. K., & Haslam, S. A. (2005). The glass cliff: Evidence that women are over-represented in precarious leadership positions. British Journal of Management, 16(2), 81-90.
[27]. 27.Swidler, A. (1986). Culture in action: Symbols and strategies. American Sociological Review, 51(2), 273-286.
[28]. 28.Bateson, G. (1972). Steps to an ecology of mind. New York: Ballantine Books.
[29]. 29.Bem, S. L. (1981). Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex typing. Psychological Review, 88(4), 354-364.
[30]. 30.Ajibade Adisa, T. (2021). Social dominance, hypermasculinity, and career barriers in Nigeria. Gender, Work & Organization, 28(2), 685-712.
[31]. 31.Benet-Martínez, V., & Haritatos, J. (2005). Bicultural identity integration (BII): Components and psychosocial antecedents. Journal of Personality, 73(4), 1015-1050.
[32]. 32.Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
[33]. 33.Strauss, C., & Quinn, N. (1997). A cognitive theory of cultural meaning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.






