Published
2025-10-30
Section
Research Articles
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Magali Celinda Chino Flores, Ernesto Alonso Panca Supo, Jose Calizaya-Lopez

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The journal adopts the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0), which means that anyone can reuse and redistribute the materials for non-commercial purposes as long as you follow the license terms and the original source is properly cited.
Author(s) shall retain the copyright of their work and grant the Journal/Publisher rights for the first publication with the work concurrently licensed since 2023 Vol.8 No.2.
Under this license, author(s) will allow third parties to download, reuse, reprint, modify, distribute and/or copy the content under the condition that the authors are given credit. No permission is required from the authors or the publisher.
This broad license intends to facilitate free access, as well as the unrestricted use of original works of all types. This ensures that the published work is freely and openly available in perpetuity.
By providing open access, the following benefits are brought about:
- Higher Visibility, Availability and Citations-free and unlimited accessibility of the publication over the internet without any restrictions increases citation of the article.
- Ease of search-publications are easily searchable in search engines and indexing databases.
- Rapid Publication – accepted papers are immediately published online.
- Available for free download immediately after publication at https://esp.as-pub.com/index.php/ESP

Copyright Statement
1.The authors certify that the submitted manuscripts are original works, do not infringe the rights of others, are free from academic misconduct and confidentiality issues, and that there are no disputes over the authorship scheme of the collaborative articles. In case of infringement, academic misconduct and confidentiality issues, as well as disputes over the authorship scheme, all responsibilities will be borne by the authors.
2. The author agrees to grant the Editorial Office of Environment and Social Psychology a licence to use the reproduction right, distribution right, information network dissemination right, performance right, translation right, and compilation right of the submitted manuscript, including the work as a whole, as well as the diagrams, tables, abstracts, and any other parts that can be extracted from the work and used in accordance with the characteristics of the journal. The Editorial Board of Environment and Social Psychology has the right to use and sub-licence the above mentioned works for wide dissemination in print, electronic and online versions, and, in accordance with the characteristics of the periodical, for the period of legal protection of the property right of the copyright in the work, and for the territorial scope of the work throughout the world.
3. The authors are entitled to the copyright of their works under the relevant laws of Singapore, provided that they do not exercise their rights in a manner prejudicial to the interests of the Journal.
About Licence
Environment and Social Psychology is an open access journal and all published work is available under the Creative Commons Licence, Authors shall retain copyright of their work and grant the journal/publisher the right of first publication, and their work shall be licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Under this licence, the author grants permission to third parties to download, reuse, reprint, modify, distribute and/or copy the content with attribution to the author. No permission from the author or publisher is required.
This broad licence is intended to facilitate free access to and unrestricted use of original works of all kinds. This ensures that published works remain free and accessible in perpetuity. Submitted manuscripts, once accepted, are immediately available to the public and permanently accessible free of charge on the journal’s official website (https://esp.as-pub.com/index.php/ESP). Allowing users to read, download, copy, print, search for or link to the full text of the article, or use it for other legal purposes. However, the use of the work must retain the author's signature, be limited to non-commercial purposes, and not be interpretative.
Click to download <Agreement on the Licence for the Use of Copyright on Environmental and Social Psychology>.
How to Cite
Coercive micromachismo as a form of symbolic violence among Peruvian university students
Magali Celinda Chino Flores
Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, 04001, Arequipa, Peru
Ernesto Alonso Panca Supo
Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, 04001, Arequipa, Peru
Jose Calizaya-Lopez
Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, 04001, Arequipa, Peru
DOI: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i10.4187
Keywords: Coercive micromachismo; symbolic violence; subordination; gender stereotypes; university students
Abstract
Coercive micromachismo is a form of symbolic violence that reinforces gender inequalities through subtle and normalized practices. In the university environment, its analysis is relevant given its impact on coexistence, equity and student well-being. The aim of this study was to analyze the presence of coercive micromachismo in Peruvian university students according to sociodemographic variables. A quantitative, basic, non-experimental, cross-sectional, and descriptive level study was conducted; 1000 students from public and private universities in a region of Peru participated, selected by non-probabilistic sampling for convenience, a validated scale was applied for the Peruvian university population; The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests. A high presence of coercive micromachismo (56%) was found, significant differences were found (p< .05) according to sex, type of university, occupation, area of residence, type of family, area of studies and religion, with higher scores in men, students of public universities, who study and work, reside in rural areas, come from extended families, they study science and/or engineering and profess the Christian religion. Conclusion, coercive micromachismo is highly present in the university population, evidencing that the educational level does not determine its overcoming, due to cultural, family and sociodemographic factors.
References
[1]. 1.Bonino, L. (2004). Micromachismos: Invisible violence in the couple. Madrid: Ediciones de la Mujer. Retrieved from https://www.joaquimmontaner.net/Saco/dipity_mens/micromachismos_0.pdf
[2]. 2.Butler, J. (2021). The Force of Nonviolence: An Ethico-Political Bind. Verso Books. Recuperado de https://iberian-connections.yale.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/The-Force-of-Nonviolence-An-Ethico-Political-Bind-by-Judith-Butler.pdf
[3]. 3.Hearn, J., de Boise, S., and Goedecke, K. (2023). Men and masculinities: Structures, practices, and identities. In E. L. Zurbriggen and R. Capdevila (Eds.), The Palgrave handbook of power, gender, and psychology, 193–213. Palgrave Macmillan/Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41531-9_12
[4]. 4.Llorent-Vaquero, M., and Sianes-Bautista, A. (2016). Coercive micromachismos from the perspective of university students: a descriptive approach. In Women and research. Interdisciplinary contributions: VI International University Congress Research and Gender (385-395), Seville: SIEMUS (Interdisciplinary Seminar on Women's Studies of the University of Seville). Retrieved from https://idus.us.es/items/fd0ac0d3-3abb-4598-8bf8-816167d38365
[5]. 5.Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6): 1241-1299. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039
[6]. 6.Rocha-Cuadros, Y. Y., Jacobi-Romero, D. J., Chunga-Díaz, T. O., Mori-Doria, M. A., and Deza Villanueva, S. L. (2025). Impact of family violence on self-esteem, psychological well-being and coping strategies in women. Revista Tribunal, 5(10): 222-235. https://doi.org/10.59659/revistatribunal.v5i10.112
[7]. 7.Marín-Palacios, C., and Ávila Rodríguez-de-Mier, B. (2022). Micromachismo, a pending subject at university. Meeting Room, 24(2): 96-119. https://doi.org/10.17561/ae.v24n2.6543
[8]. 8.Ramírez Preciado, M., Rodrich Iglesias, S., Luna de los Santos, I., and Velásquez Carrasco, L. (2025). Construction and validation of a coercive micromachismo scale (MMC-18) in a population of university adults. InveCom Magazine, 5(2): e502060. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13760544
[9]. 9.Nadal, K. L., Whitman, C. N., Davis, L. S., Erazo, T., and Davidoff, K. C. (2016). Microaggressions toward LGBTQ and gender-nonconforming people: A review of the literature. The Journal of Sex Research, 53(4-5): 488-508. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2016.1142495
[10]. 10.Kelly, J. B., and Johnson, M. P. (2008). Differentiation among types of intimate partner violence: Research update and implications for interventions. Family Court Review, 46(3): 476–499. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-1617.2008.00215.x
[11]. 11.Tajfel, H., and Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin, & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations: 33-37. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole. Retrieved from https://www.scirp.org/reference/ReferencesPapers?ReferenceID=757561
[12]. 12.Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning theory. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. https://doi.org/10.1177/105960117700200317
[13]. 13.Eagly, A. H. (1987). Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role interpretation. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Retrieved from https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1987-97607-000
[14]. 14.Connell, R. W. (2020). Masculinities (4th ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003116479
[15]. 15.Walby, S. (1990) Theorising Patriarchy. Basil Blackwell, Oxford. Retrieved from https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=2899534
[16]. 16.Bourdieu, P. (1998). Male domination. Barcelona: Anagrama. Retrieved from https://www.nomasviolenciacontramujeres.cl/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Bondiu-Pierre-la-dominacion-masculina.pdf
[17]. 17.Bonino, L. (1995). Unveiling micromachismos in married life. In J. Corsi (Ed.), Male intimate partner violence. An approach to diagnosis and intervention models. 191-208. Paidós.
[18]. 18.Montesdeoca, S., Escobar, G., and Rodríguez, L. (2024). Micromachismo and gender perspectives: a comparative analysis of attitudes between men and women. PSIDIAL, 3(Special Edition). https://doi.org/10.33936/psidial.v1iEspecial.6425
[19]. 19.Salinas Aguilar P., and Reina BarretoJ. A. (2023). Social acceptance of micromachismos in young university students in Ecuador. Rimarina. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 7(1): 18-30. Retrieved from https://investigacion.utc.edu.ec/index.php/rimarina/article/view/531
[20]. 20.Manrique-Angulo, A. (2019). Micromachismo and tolerance of psychological violence in university students of Tacna [Bachelor's thesis, Private University of Tacna]. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12969/1011
[21]. 21.Ato, M., López-García, JJ., and Benavente, A. (2013). A classification system for research designs in psychology. Annals of Psychology, 29(3): 1038–1059. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.29.3.178511
[22]. 22.Hernández-Sampieri, R. & Mendoza, C (2018). Research methodology. The quantitative, qualitative and mixed routes, Mexico City, Mexico: Editorial Mc Graw Hill Education. https://doi.org/10.22201/fesc.20072236e.2019.10.18.6
[23]. 23.Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A. et al. (2009). Statistical power analysis using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analysis. Behavior Research Methods 41: 1149–1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
[24]. 24.Safranoff, A., and Rodríguez Menés, J. (2024). Machismo at work: Discrimination and violence against women in the field of penal enforcement. Criminological Bulletin, (31). Retrieved from https://revistas.uma.es/index.php/boletin-criminologico/article/view/20254
[25]. 25.Montoya, K., and Galindo, J. H. (2025). Violence against women: causal factors and consequences. Revista Espacios, 46(1): 167-176. https://doi.org/10.48082/espacios-a25v46n01p13
[26]. 26.Álvarez Aguilar, N. T., Habib-Mireles, L., and García Ancira, C. (2022). Gender perceptions of women and men in engineering careers. Similarities and differences. Revista Universidad y Sociedad, 14(5): 10-19. Retrieved from http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2218-36202022000500010&lng=es&tlng=es
[27]. 27.Jiménez, R. (2020). Changes in Macho Cultural Patterns. Latin American Journal of Inclusive Education, 14(2): 17-19. https://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718-73782020000200017
[28]. 28.Rodríguez Hernández, K., and Rodríguez Barraza, A. (2021). Gender-based violence in higher education institutions. Contemporary Dilemmas: Education, Politics and Values, 8(spe1), 00014. https://doi.org/10.46377/dilemas.v8i.2567






