Environment and Social Psychology

The interplay of social networks and educational capital on the identity of Chinese in Laos: A systematic review

Shumin Dao

Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia ; Lancang-Mekong International Vocational Institute, Yunnan Minzu University, No.2929 Road Yue Hua, Kunming City, 650504, Yunnan, China

Mohd Mahzan Awang

Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

Jamsari Alias

Pusat Pengajian Citra Universiti & Institut Islam Hadhari, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i11.4231

Keywords: Laotian Chinese; identity; social network; educational capital; systematic review; thematic synthesis

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Abstract

The identity of the Chinese diaspora in Laos is undergoing significant transformation, driven by the deepening of China-ASEAN relations and the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). While the geopolitical context is well-documented, existing sociological literature remains fragmented, often treating social ties and education as separate descriptive domains rather than interacting factors. This systematic review addresses this gap by synthesizing empirical studies published between 2004 and 2025 to construct an integrative framework of identity formation. Following PRISMA guidelines, the study analyzes 38 peer-reviewed publications. The synthesis reveals two core dynamics: (1) Social networks are shifting from traditional "bonding" structures (kinship/hometown) toward "bridging" networks (transnational business/digital), acting as filtering mechanisms for opportunity. (2) Educational capital serves as an empowering tool, accumulated through either Chinese-language cultural socialization or mainstream/international schooling for socio-economic mobility. The study argues that these factors are not independent; rather, social networks shape educational aspirations, while educational capital empowers individuals to reconfigure their networks. This synergistic interplay produces a spectrum of identity practices, ranging from the "Cultural Chinese" to the "Sino-Lao Hybrid" and "Transnational Elite." These findings offer a nuanced, mechanism-based model for understanding how diaspora identities are negotiated in the Global South.

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