Vol. 10 No. 9 (2025): Published

Open Access

Research Articles

ESP-3956

Legal implications of utilizing geophysical methods for resource exploration and environmental protection

by Mohammed Zuhair, Ameen Hadi Hassoon Ali, Israa Zaidan Khalaf Mashhoot, Bushra Abd-Al Latif Jasim, Ghanim Magbol Alwan

2025,10(9); 54 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.3956

Abstract Geophysical techniques have emerged as indispensable tools in the field of resource exploration and environmental monitoring, providing key benefits in subsurface imaging, non-destructive surveying, and analytical decision support. But their deep adoption has also raised fundamental legal questions about regulatory clarity, environmental accountability, stakeholder rights and data reliability. We discuss legal frameworks governing geophysical techniques in a range of jurisdictions, evaluating how these frameworks balance environmental management, procedural efficiency and party equity. Through a multidisciplinary procedure, this study integrates legal evaluation, environmental impact models, stakeholder survey information, comparative jurisdictional evaluation, and geophysical data verification. Results show significant differences in the clarity and enforcement of the law between countries, with some jurisdictions having efficient and aligned regulation and others with an excessive level of red tape. (Stakeholder sentiment suggests perceptions of legal fairness are mixed at best, with landowners expressing the greatest dissatisfaction, especially in the transparency and compensation mechanisms.) Additionally, despite the relatively low-impact nature of the surveys, many measurable disturbances, particularly increased noise and vibration, suggest the need for increased environmental oversight. The analysis also highlights the critical importance of checking geophysical datasets to maintain a scientific standard in regulatory or legal contexts. The conclusion of this study highlights the need for legal evolution to keep pace with technological evolution, through clearer rules, standards harmonization and data quality protocols. This requires amendments to regulations to enable responsible exploration, promote environmental sustainability, and ensure equitable stakeholder engagement in the governance of geophysical activities.

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-3976

Law, governance, and social-psychological pathways to bridging environmental protection and resource exploitation conflicts

by Sami Najm Abed Al-Nuaimi, Imad Obaid Jasim, Khaled Obeid Jazi, Zahraa Mahdi Dahsh, Hasan Ali Abbas

2025,10(9); 89 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.3976

Abstract The conflict that the policy makers have been continuously facing is in between protecting the environment and exploiting the natural resources economically. The paper assesses the effectiveness of legal tools in reducing environmental degradation by facilitating controlled utilization of resources, and suggests a mixed method, based on analysis of environmental impacts, measurement of institutional resiliency, mobilization of stakeholders, and analysis of comparative law. Using new statistical method and cross-regional analysis, the paper reveals that legal transparency, enforceability and participative government play significant roles in driving up the levels of compliance and sustainability. Among the most useful works, one can distinguish introducing the mediators of a psychological and cultural analysis into the analysis explicitly. Findings indicate that perceptions of justice, institutional trust and cohesion are relevant in predicting the extent to which legal systems influence the propensity to comply. Not only did the areas that were characterized by a strong institutional base and a high level of stakeholder engagement contribute to the reduction in ecological degradation, but were also more legitimate and had a greater permanence of policy over time. Cultural dimensions define once again that there should be the accommodation of the models of governance to the local values so that these models do not contribute to resistance and aggravation of the terms of conflict. The results show that the law design is not just a design that has no social legitimacy whatever. The organization of outcomes in good governance, in combination with equal portions of distributive justice, mixed participation and responsive institutional capacity. Such participatory and culture-specific aspects of law also enable more ecological results in relation to dynamically changing environmental and socio-political pressures and are found in the application of scenario-based modelling. The present study gives a transferable and sensitive description of how to come up with approaches based on the law, which are politically competent, in order to make environmental management sensitive to environmental sustainability and social justice.

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-4009

The impact of red culture integration in environmental education on college students' ecological ethical identity: An empirical analysis from environmental social psychology

by Rong Li

2025,10(9); 127 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.4009

Abstract Based on environmental social psychology theory, this study systematically investigated the impact mechanisms of red culture integration into environmental education on college students' ecological ethics identity through a mixed-methods approach combining quasi-experimental design with large-scale surveys. Through surveys of 1,200 college students from four regions nationwide and quasi-experimental research involving 160 students, the findings revealed that red culture integration into environmental education had a significant positive impact on college students' ecological ethics identity (β=0.616, p<0.001). The experimental group students' ecological ethics identity scores significantly improved from 4.82 in the pretest to 5.45 in the posttest, with an effect size of 0.95, indicating a large effect level that remained significant in delayed posttests. Mediation effect analysis revealed that cognitive processing mechanisms (52.9%), emotional experience mechanisms (66.9%), and social learning mechanisms (48.4%) played important mediating roles in the educational impact process, with emotional experience mechanisms demonstrating the strongest mediation effect. Particularly, the mediating role of national pride reached 70.9%, reflecting the unique advantages of red culture in emotional appeal. Moderation effect analysis found that individual characteristics (political identity level, environmental concern degree, cultural background differences), educational contextual factors (teaching methods, curriculum design elements, learning environment atmosphere), and sociocultural factors (regional cultural differences, family educational background, media exposure level) significantly moderated the educational effects, presenting obvious individual differentiation and contextual dependency characteristics. The research results indicate that red culture integration into environmental education effectively promoted the formation and development of college students' ecological ethics identity through multiple pathways including stimulating national identity, promoting value reconstruction, and providing role model demonstrations. This study not only enriches the theoretical framework of environmental social psychology but also provides important empirical support and practical guidance for ecological civilization education model innovation and red culture inheritance and development in the new era.

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-4029

Reimagining hanfu: An intergenerational psychological analysis of user needs and design preferences via the Kano-AHP framework

by Chen Wei, Manus Kaewboucha, Chalisa Apiwathnasorn

2025,10(9); 146 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.4029

Abstract The revitalization of Hanfu, the traditional Chinese dress, has recently experienced a marked cultural revival that cannot be reduced to the sphere of fashion but rather points to the complex psychological preconditions of identity construction, heritage maintenance, and consumer choice among the representatives of different generational groups. The current study employs a composite Kano Model-Analytic Hierarchy Process (Kano-AHP) framework to explore intergenerational differences in psychological needs and decision-making priorities upon which Hanfu consumption is based. Through rigorous quantitative analysis of survey data from 552 Chinese consumers across four generational cohorts (Gen Z, Millennials, Gen X, Baby Boomers), the research categorizes nine core Hanfu attributes into Must-Be, One-Dimensional, and Attractive needs using the Kano Model, while quantifying their relative importance in purchase decisions through AHP weighting. Results reveal significant intergenerational divergence (χ² = 127.43, p < 0.001) in attribute perception and prioritization. Younger consumers (Gen Z, Millennials) prioritize identity expression and aesthetic innovation, classifying Modern Design Integration (weight: 0.248) and Community Acceptance (weight: 0.201) as primary "Attractive" delighters. Conversely, older cohorts (Gen X, Boomers) emphasize cultural authenticity and functional comfort, with Historical Accuracy (weight: 0.324) and Fabric Quality (weight: 0.284) categorized as essential "Must-Be" requirements. A unified framework provides practical advice to the designers, marketers and cultural institutions so as to develop generation-specific strategies that would synchronise product development with the generation-specific psychological profiles and decision-making calculi, thus developing sustainable cultural engagement and market growth.

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-3573

Evaluation of AI, communication, and social behavior in ancient Chinese villages: A systematic review of tourism's role in resident adaptation

by Xiaoshan Tan, Nor Atiah Binti Ismail, Mohd Kher Bin Hussein

2025,10(9); 150 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.3573

Abstract This study explores how artificial intelligence (AI) affects communication practices and social adaptation among residents in ancient Chinese villages, particularly through its role in tourism development and cultural heritage preservation. It seeks to understand the dual impact of AI as a driver of rural transformation and a disruptor of cultural continuity. A systematic literature review was conducted using five academic databases: JSTOR, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, and ProQuest. Studies published between 2021 and 2024 were selected based on strict inclusion criteria focusing on rural tourism in China, AI technologies, and resident adaptation. Boolean logic was applied to combine keywords and refine search precision. AI supports tourism through smart management platforms, virtual reality heritage tours, and intelligent visitor services. These technologies enhance cultural engagement and economic development. Translation tools improve communication between locals and tourists, while AI-based hospitality systems strengthen rural infrastructure. However, findings also reveal that older residents struggle to adapt to AI, and overuse of AI marketing risks cultural commodification. Traditional storytelling practices shift due to generational differences in AI use. AI serves as a powerful force for rural economic and cultural advancement, but it also introduces risks of community disconnection and cultural erosion. Sustainable integration of AI requires balancing innovation with preservation of traditional values. The study recommends inclusive AI education programs, ethical frameworks for AI deployment, and culturally sensitive tourism governance policies. Efforts should focus on protecting intangible heritage while enabling digital growth. This study is original in its specific focus on the intersection of AI, tourism, and social adaptation in ancient Chinese villages a topic largely underrepresented in current literature. It addresses the gap in understanding rural responses to digital transformation. Academic contributions include theoretical insights on AI-driven cultural adaptation. Practically and politically, the research informs policymakers, tourism planners, and technology developers working at the intersection of heritage and innovation.

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-4045

Moral regulating role of environmental cleanliness: Evidences from both practices and field experiments

by Lu Li, Gang Huangfu, Ran Ma

2025,10(9); 89 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.4045

Abstract Moral judgment and behavior have long been considered as the result of reasoning and conscious thought while contextual influence being downplayed. Cleanliness is a fundamental feature of the environment. Previous research relevant to cleanliness focused on body cleansing behavior’s effect on one’s moral consciousness. According to a view of anthropology, cleanliness, as a key environment feature, symbolizes social order. Thus, we contend that the state of environmental cleanliness may metaphorically link to the concept of public moral norm. Three studies were conducted in a manufacturing group company. Study 1, using ten-year monthly records of disciplinary violation rates during the implementation of 5S practices from four different companies of the same manufacturing group, showed that improving workplace cleaning, neatness, and cleanliness could reduce employees’ disciplinary violations. Study 2, by an experiment conducted at a real workplace, found that employees judged immoral workplace behaviors more morally wrong in the clean environment than in the dirty one; Meanwhile, conscientiousness trait weakens the effect of environmental cleanliness, whereas neuroticism trait strengthens this influence. Study 3, through an experiment priming awareness of workplace environmental cleanliness state, showed that employees showed harsher moral judgment on immoral workplace behaviors even when primed with the concept of clean environment than both the primed with the concept of dirty environment group and the control group. The results revealed the metaphorical association between the physical state of environmental cleanliness and the concept of abstract public moral norm, and provided a unique insight to the social significance of environmental cleanliness.

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-3878

Empowering learning engagement in higher education with active learning experiences in STEM classrooms

by Michael Angelo A. Legarde, Mercibelle Del Mundo, Jason V. Chavez, Ayessa Bahang Jailani, Kier P. Dela Calzada, Aldrin Rey C. Quisay, Kia P. Piñero-Abdurajak

2025,10(9); 166 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.3878

Abstract Students often feel disengaged in class discussions due to ineffective teaching methods, such as passive lectures and over-reliance on learning materials, which lack interactive elements like group work or open discussions. Repetitive, simplistic content further diminishes interest by failing to challenge them. Uninspired teaching attitudes and outdated, irrelevant learning materials undermine motivation and fail to connect studies with real-world applications. This paper explored how active learning experiences in classrooms encourage students to participate in class activities and discussions. Fifteen science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) college students were purposely sampled for this study. Their experiences in learning STEM-related subjects were explored through one-on-one interviews, allowing for the collection of detailed narratives. The findings revealed that several active learning strategies effectively engaged students in the learning process. The relevance of learning materials to real-world contexts significantly enhanced engagement, as students valued instructors who connected theoretical concepts to practical applications and current events. The flipped classroom approach also emerged as a powerful method, enabling students to transition from passive learning to active participation through discussions and hands-on activities during class presentations. Teachers’ energy and passion for the subject not only enlivened even challenging or monotonous material but also inspired students to engage more actively, which transforms the classroom dynamic into one of motivation and intellectual curiosity. Timely and constructive feedback was essential in maintaining student engagement, as it guided improvement, encouraged reflection, and supported a collaborative learning atmosphere. Rather than passively receiving information, students actively engage through activities such as discussions, problem-solving, hands-on tasks, and group projects.

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-4081

Generative AI-based dialogue generation and optimization in the style of traditional Chinese opera Dream of the Red Chamber using K-means Clustering

by Zhixiang Xu, Adzrool Idzwan bin Ismail

2025,10(9); 101 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.4081

Abstract This study proposes a generative artificial intelligence framework that integrates prompt engineering and K-means clustering to generate stylized dialogues from the tradition of Dream of the Red Chamber. The prompts for each character were constructed from the linguistic features of classical texts, and each generated sentence was encoded into semantic, lexical, and keyword-based features. K-means clustering was used to identify stylistic categories, and the number of clusters was validated using the Elbow Method and the Silhouette Coefficient. Evaluation used BLEU, Perplexity, and a custom Style Consistency Score. As a result, the K-means-enhanced model improved fluency and style consistency over the baseline. This method provides a quantitative approach to improving generative models in traditional cultural domains.

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-3949

Regulatory approaches to soil contamination and agricultural sustainability

by Mohammed Zuhair, Hussain Essam Eldeen Mohammed, Raad Ta’ma Awad Bajjay, Jaafer Kadhem Jasim, Hamza Aljebouri

2025,10(9); 90 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.3949

Abstract Soil contamination poses a serious threat to agricultural sustainability, driven by heavy metals, pesticide residues, nutrient imbalances, and weak governance. Despite extensive research on soil degradation, few studies have systematically integrated scientific diagnostics with regulatory evaluation. This study addresses that gap by combining composite indices—Contaminant Load Index (CLI), Weighted Residue Risk Index (WRRI), Nutrient Deviation Score (NDS), and Adjusted Cation Exchange Capacity (ACE) with a Multi-Criteria Regulatory Score (MCRS) to assess both ecological and institutional dimensions of soil health. Data were collected from ten major agricultural regions, using stratified sampling and validated laboratory methods, and supported by enforcement records. Results reveal that contamination hotspots align with industrial proximity, intensive agrochemical use, and weak regulatory enforcement, while regions with higher MCRS values showed healthier soil indicators. Field validation demonstrated that integrated remediation strategies, combining phytoremediation and organic amendments, significantly reduced contaminant loads and improved fertility, highlighting the feasibility of cost-effective, nature-based solutions. By integrating diagnostics with governance, this study significantly deepens our theoretical understanding of soil sustainability and delivers tangible tools for prioritizing interventions and shaping regulatory frameworks. The results highlight that soil remediation is not solely a technical matter; it is also shaped by ecological and institutional dynamics. Ultimately, the framework proposed here is highly relevant for policymakers aiming to safeguard soil health and bolster agricultural resilience, particularly in regions grappling with similar environmental and governance challenges.

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-4098

Causal model and guidelines for enhancing teacher engagement and teacher performance in language schools in Thailand

by Jitrlada Lojanatorn, Poschanan Niramitchainont, Sovaritthon Chansaengsee

2025,10(9); 38 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.4098

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine a causal model of teacher engagement and performance, and to develop guidelines to enhance teacher development in language schools in Thailand. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative and qualitative data. The quantitative phase involved a survey of 517 teachers selected through simple random sampling, while the qualitative phase included focus group discussions with 12 key informants chosen through purposive and convenience sampling. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, structural equation modeling, and content validation. The findings revealed that grit, quality of work life, and teacher engagement significantly predicted teacher performance, whereas workplace learning showed no direct effect. Among these, teacher engagement emerged as the strongest predictor of teacher performance. Based on these results, ten practical guidelines were proposed to strengthen teacher performance and support sustainable school improvement. These included initiatives to provide platforms for showcasing teacher skills, establish fair workload distribution, enhance mentoring and feedback systems, revise compensation methods, improve teaching resources, and incorporate teacher ability assessments into recruitment processes. Collectively, these measures are expected to promote teacher motivation, resilience, and effectiveness, thereby contributing to the overall quality of language education in Thailand.

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-3968

Decision-making in environmental risk management: case study on adaptive strategies in U.S. cities under uncertainty

by Sarah Ali Abdulkareem, Aws Hamid Mohammed, Shahd Nasser Saadi Hassan, Ahmed Mohammed Fahmi, Matai Nagi Saeed

2025,10(9); 87 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.3968

Abstract Increasing pollution dynamics, resource availability uncertainties and climate variability pose great challenges to environmental risk management. Traditional regulatory systems are based on fixed policies that do not do well in dynamic environmental conditions. In this context, this study aims to assess adaptive environmental management strategies, combining real-time monitoring, predictive modeling and stakeholder engagement to enhance air and water quality and soil health. Based on a comparative exploration of static, adaptive and hybrid models, the results show that adaptive processes help lower pollutant concentrations, contribute to ecosystem resilience and help develop the public trust in environmental governance. According to the study, adaptive air quality management reduces PM2. 5 levels, and water quality improves as nitrate concentrations decrease by 38%. Adaptive interventions also lead to improvements in soil health, doubling organic matter and reducing pesticide residues by 18%. Moreover, adaptive governance models enhance stakeholder confidence in environmental policies by 30%, highlighting the need for transparency and flexibility in decision-making. This analysis was supported by regression modelling, Monte Carlo simulations, and ANOVA procedures, which provided robust validation of outcomes and quantified uncertainty across different intervention scenarios. These findings indicate that adaptive environmental governance constitutes a generalizable and resilient mechanism for mitigating ecological risk, to far greater effect than static regulatory ecosystems. In further studies, long-term sustainability, cost effectiveness, innovative methods of implementation such as AI-enabled environmental monitoring, could be examined that help facilitate policies. Adaptive strategies can facilitate sustainable environmental management and climate resiliency by connecting scientific data with policy decisions

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-4136

The impact of community-oriented social responsibility of small and medium-sized enterprises on their resilience

by Yangyang, Ali Khatibi, Jacquline Tham

2025,10(9); 47 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.4136

Abstract The community functions as a critical stakeholder for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), as the survival and development of SMEs are inherently community-based. However, with the expanding role and influence of SMEs, their significance in addressing socially relevant issues—such as boosting employment, driving innovation, and enhancing living standards—has become increasingly prominent. This shift has made the fulfillment of community-oriented social responsibility for SMEs an unavoidable imperative.The primary objective of this study is to examine the impact of community--oriented social responsibility initiatives adopted by SMEs on enterprise resilience, while simultaneously investigating the mediating role of employees’ psychological capital. Building on the existing literature, this study focuses on the theme of “the influence mechanism of SMEs’ community--oriented social responsibility on enterprise resilience” and employs a cross-sectional research design, with data collected from employees of SMEs.The results indicate two key findings: First, community--oriented social responsibility initiatives significantly enhance the organizational resilience of SMEs. Second, employees’ psychological capital plays a full mediating role in the relationship between community-oriented social responsibility and SMEs organizational resilience.Ultimately, prioritizing the implementation of community--oriented social responsibility enables SMEs to achieve a win-win outcome. On one hand, it helps SMEs build a positive public image; on the other hand, it improves employees’ psychological capital—empowering SMEs to develop enterprise resilience and better cope with crises.

Open Access

Research Articles

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ESP-4007

The determinants and mechanisms of residents' green consumer behavior in Dongguan city under the carbon peak target

by Yao Jia, Chonlavit Sutunyarak

2025,10(9); 78 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.4007

Abstract Under the carbon peaking target, residents' green consumption behavior plays a crucial role in reducing carbon emissions. This study takes Dongguan as a case to investigate the influencing factors and mechanisms of residents' green consumption behavior, aiming to provide evidence for formulating targeted emission reduction strategies in high-carbon regions. Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the Attitude-Behavior-Context (ABC) theory, the research adopts a quantitative approach, conducting a questionnaire survey among 500 residents through multi-stage stratified sampling and analyzing the data using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results indicate that green consumption awareness, perceived behavioral control, and external factors (economic, policy, and market) all have significant positive effects on green consumption behavior, while subjective norms show no significant impact. Green consumption attitudes mediate the relationship between most variables and behavior. It is recommended that the government establish a "cognition-attitude-behavior" full-chain guidance mechanism, optimize policy tools and market supply, while enterprises should develop differentiated green products for diverse consumer groups to collaboratively advance regional carbon peaking goals.

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-4022

Research on social identity effects of left-right hand coordination training in morin Khuur beginners from a group dynamics perspective

by BAISARINA, Bayarmaa Gombo

2025,10(9); 122 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.4022

Abstract Based on group dynamics theory, this study employed a quasi-experimental design to explore the social identity effects and underlying mechanisms in left-right hand coordination training for novice Morin Khuur learners. Through a 12-week controlled experiment involving 80 Morin Khuur beginners, participants were randomly assigned to either a group training environment (experimental group, n=40) or an individual training environment (control group, n=40). Statistical methods including repeated measures ANOVA, mediation analysis, and moderation analysis were systematically employed to examine the impact of group environment on left-right hand coordination development and the mediating role of social identity. The results revealed: (1) The group training environment significantly outperformed the individual training environment, with the experimental group achieving an overall coordination improvement of 121.3% and an effect size of 1.35; (2) Social identity played a crucial mediating role between group environment and coordination development, with the mediation effect accounting for 68.5% of the total effect, among which group belonging contributed the most (45.9%); (3) Group cohesion significantly moderated the social identity effect, with high-cohesion groups demonstrating a mediation effect of 73.2%, substantially exceeding the 58.4% observed in low-cohesion groups; (4) Cultural identity significantly moderated group training effectiveness, with the high cultural identity group showing a mediation effect of 76.8%, and Mongolian students exhibiting the strongest cultural identity moderation effect; (5) Peer support networks influenced learning outcomes through a triple mechanism of emotional support, instrumental support, and informational support, with the high support network group achieving coordination improvement of 149.4%. This study validates the applicability of social identity theory in traditional music skill learning, provides scientific evidence for group-based music teaching models, and holds significant theoretical value and practical implications for promoting traditional cultural transmission and music education innovation.

Open Access

Research Articles

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ESP-3291

Transformative potential of generative AI in higher education teaching practices

by Charisma S. Ututalum

2025,10(9); 110 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.3291

Abstract This study examines the generative potential of AI in reshaping teaching in higher education as related to teaching methods and changing the nature of student involvement. The purpose of the study is to identify ways college educators perceive the roles of Generative AI within their classrooms and to critically evaluate both the benefits and drawbacks of its integration into courses. This adopted qualitative research design, a series of semi-structured interviews of 12 college instructors. The data were analyzed with the help of reflexive thematic analysis to identify important patterns and themes in responses. The findings suggest huge potential for Generative AI in supporting personalization of learning, providing students with tailored experiences in learning. Furthermore, it appears to be enhancing student engagement in learning by creating more interactive learning environments. Further, it can help in reducing the administrative burden on educators since repetitive tasks would be relieved and allow educators more time for meaningful interaction with students. However, the report points out some challenges for its implementation. These range from ethical issues regarding how AI affects academic integrity and personal privacy, proper education and training of teachers who use AI tools, as well as overreliance of students on technology-the likely outcome is impeded ability of students to develop new skills. The best strategy would be adopting the hybrid model, bringing the traditional methods of instruction along with Generative AI.

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-4044

From perception to action a social-cognitive analysis of students’ responses to general studies curriculum implementation and their impact on academic performance and curriculum design

by Lei Shi, Ian R. Lana

2025,10(9); 236 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.4044

Abstract This environmental and social-cognitive research evaluated the General Studies Teaching Program implementation and its effectiveness on student performance within educational ecosystems, aiming to improve curriculum development through understanding person-environment-society interactions that influence academic outcomes. Grounded in Taba's model and informed by environmental psychology and social-cognitive theory, the study examined curriculum aspects as environmental affordances and social learning opportunities across seven dimensions: environmental needs diagnosis, objective formulation, content selection, content organization, learning activity selection and organization, and evaluation systems. The study comprised 380 students from four universities in Heilongjiang, China, representing diverse environmental contexts within the regional educational ecosystem. Environmental and social-psychological analysis revealed that while the curriculum demonstrated general effectiveness in providing environmental affordances (M=4.06 for needs diagnosis), significant deficiencies emerged in environmental organization (M=2.71) and experiential learning opportunities (M=3.25) that limit students' environmental competence and social-cognitive development. Statistical analysis indicated significant demographic differences across academic levels, with transfer students experiencing particular environmental transition stress and social adaptation challenges. Environmental learning activities, social collaboration organization, and feedback systems demonstrated statistically significant influence on academic performance, suggesting these factors serve as critical mediators in the perception-to-action pathway. Average academic performance was 75.3% with substantial variability (60%-89%), indicating disparities in environmental competence and social support access that create inequitable learning ecosystems. To address these environmental and social-cognitive deficiencies, a comprehensive curriculum enhancement framework is recommended that integrates environmental psychology principles with social-cognitive theory, focusing on environmental design improvements, social integration strategies, and differentiated support systems that promote both individual environmental flourishing and collective social transformation within inclusive educational communities.

Open Access

Research Articles

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ESP-3798

Increasing trust on the law enforcement in rural communities: Lens from pro-active youth leaders

by Armando A. Alviola, Jill Rose P. Ador, Jose Rene A. Cepe, Altamer Alfad Hussin, Noralyza Sakib Jaam, Ahmedkhan Aubin Jumdai, Imran H. Mangawan

2025,10(9); 54 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.3798

Abstract Trust in law enforcement is a critical factor in building safe and resilient communities, yet rural contexts often reveal fragile relationships shaped by fear, historical trauma, and unequal treatment. This study explores how proactive youth leaders in Eastern Visayas and Mindanao, Philippines perceive local police and what initiatives they employ to strengthen collaboration. Using semi-structured interviews with 20 youth leaders and a reflexive thematic analysis approach, the study examined two objectives: (1) to explore perceptions and experiences of youth leaders regarding police-community relations, and (2) to identify strategies they use to foster trust and collaboration. Findings show that trust remains tenuous due to fear-based visibility during raids, profiling, favoritism, and cultural or linguistic distance. However, youth also recognized moments of empathy, particularly during disaster response, where police acted as allies rather than enforcers. Youth-led initiatives such as community sports leagues, peer-facilitated dialogues, and rights education workshops created safe spaces for accountability and relationship-building. While the findings are exploratory and context-specific, they suggest that sustainable trust requires consistent police engagement in community life, youth-inclusive programs, and culturally responsive practices. Policy recommendations include institutionalizing youth-police councils at the barangay level, creating youth-accessible reporting mechanisms for misconduct, and supporting SK-led initiatives through local government and law enforcement partnerships.

Open Access

Research Articles

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ESP-4074

Catalysts of change: Modelling teacher leadership for educational reform in the model teacher leadership in Shandong nursing educators

by Xia Xu, Mat Rahimi Yusof, Farah Mohamad Zain

2025,10(9); 43 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.4074

Abstract This study explores the multidimensional concept of teacher leadership among nursing college lecturersin Shandong Province, China. However, various barriers continue to impede the development of teacherleadership in China. These include inadequate policy support, limited professional training, and low levels ofteacher awareness regarding leadership roles. Therefore, this study aims to develop a measurement model fornursing teacher leadership. A quantitative cross-sectional survey design was employed, involving 266nursing college educators. Data were collected using a five-point Likert scale questionnaire comprising 42measurement items, which were validated through face and content validity assessments, and analyzed usingConfirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to ensure the reliability and validity of the constructs with the aid ofSEM Amos software.Through the reliability analysis, the findings indicated that all constructs achievedstrong reliability, with Cronbach's alpha values ranging from 0.837 to 0.963. In addition, this studysuccessfully developed a Nursing Teacher Leadership measurement model and validated 41 leadershipbehaviours encompassing dimensions such as self-awareness, change leadership, communication, diversity,instructional proficiency, and continuous improvement. These leadership behaviours among nursing lecturerswere confirmed. The findings suggest that educators are ready to take on greater roles in decision-making,yet there is a need for professional development programs to enhance their instructional competencies.Thisstudy is expected to contribute to the literature on teacher leadership by providing empirical evidence from,the Chinese context and emphasizing the importance of comprehensive support systems to developleadership skills among nursing educators. Future research is recommended to expand the study acrossnursing colleges throughout China to allow for broader generalization of the findings.

Open Access

Research Articles

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ESP-3942

The Effectiveness of international law in resolving climate change disputes: Case law, compliance, and equity perspectives

by Saif Saad Ahmed, Zahraa Ghazi Sadiq, Ali Ghassan Ahmed Mohammed, Zahraa Mahdi Dahsh, Ammar Abdulkhaleq Ali

2025,10(9); 87 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.3942

Abstract Climate change generates important worldwide problems which lead nations to disagree about responsibility allocation and both reduction efforts and policy course change. International law stands as the main factor in the advancement of cooperative solutions and conflict resolution of these matters. The article investigates how foreign law enables climate change disputes resolution while maintaining their effectiveness and adaptability and their ability to support sustainable solutions among stakeholders. The study reviewed international legal documentation starting from treaties and conventions together with judicial decisions. Case studies that examined important climate change-related issues served as the primary focus of research to determine global legal system effectiveness. In total, 250 environmental cases from international courts, arbitration bodies, and regional tribunals were examined, alongside 50 UNFCCC documents. The analysis applied both qualitative and quantitative methods, including compliance gap, equity index, dispute resolution effectiveness, and mitigation efficiency models, to measure the performance of international law in addressing climate disputes. The article demonstrates that state accountability functions alongside non-governmental groups and compliance verification systems prove highly crucial to the process. The study demonstrates that international law expedited the resolution of climate change problems through improved dialogue which drove consensus. Performance delivery suffers from recurring issues mainly because of unequal representation for less-developed nations and non-contractual commitment levels. Findings highlight persistent compliance gaps across major emitters, moderate effectiveness of judicial and arbitral bodies, and inequitable burden-sharing between developed and developing countries. Landmark cases such as Urgenda v. Netherlands and Juliana v. United States illustrate both the potential and limitations of climate litigation. The authors highlight the significance of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change together with the Paris Agreement to guide international projects. Through its structured dispute settlement structure international law enables proper management of climate change issues. Sustainable climate change solutions through equitable outcomes become achievable with stronger legal systems combined with better compliance enforcement mechanisms.

Open Access

Research Articles

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ESP-4084

Proposal for a conceptual model on the role of managerial coaching on employee satisfaction and engagement

by Sara Nait Slimane, Mahouat Nacer

2025,10(9); 73 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.4084

Abstract This study develops a conceptual model based on the works of several authors in the fields of managerial coaching, employee work engagement, and job satisfaction. The model is theoretically grounded in the Job Demands–Resources (JD-R) model, Self-Determination Theory, and Social Exchange Theory (SET), providing a robust framework to explain how coaching practices shape employee attitudes. It hypothesizes that managerial coaching is positively related to employee work engagement (H1) and job satisfaction (H2). Furthermore, it proposes that work engagement mediates the relationship between managerial coaching and job satisfaction (H3), such that coaching fosters higher engagement, which subsequently enhances job satisfaction. By integrating insights from prior studies and established theoretical perspectives, this research offers a comprehensive understanding of both the direct and indirect pathways linking managerial coaching to positive employee outcomes. The findings are expected to be valuable for researchers in management science and social science, as they advance theoretical development and offer evidence-based guidance for organizational practice.

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-3964

Corporate governance in emerging economies: A focus on sustainable development

by Omar Hasan Ahmed, Hayder Mohammed Hassan, Wissam Anwar Mohammed Hassan Ali, Haider Mahmood Jawad, Khdier Salman

2025,10(9); 44 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.3964

Abstract Corporate sustainability is a force that is brought by corporate governance, particularly in the emerging economies whose regulatory systems are still evolving. The article will examine the relationship between the governance mechanisms such as, Board independence, transparency and stakeholder engagement and the sustainability outcomes that are the environmental and social performance metrics. The study relies on statistical frameworks to explain the governance structures that promote carbon emissions and community investments using a sample of 150 publicly listed companies in Southeast Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Latin America. The findings have indicated that more board independence and transparency in organizations lead to reduced carbon emission, and that those organizations that seek more stakeholder involvement commit more resources to social activities. Sectoral and regional disparities provide an indication of industries with the highest regulatory supervision, such as technology and renewables to be more successful in the outcomes of sustainability generated by governance than traditional sectors, such as manufacturing or agriculture. The results provide a picture that to ensure the effective approach to common good issues, the governance regulations should be improved and accompanied by the obligatory sustainability reports, in addition to the stakeholder involvement in the corporate sphere. It also highlights the importance of having governance systems that are configured to regional and sectoral circumstances. Having these results, the paper contributes to the existing body of empirical research on the governance-sustainability nexus by providing fresh concepts on corporate governance and sustainability in the emerging market settings. The researchers can examine how long-term effectiveness of governance reforms on corporate sustainability and the effect of macroeconomic conditions on effective governance in future.

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-3979

From constitutional mandates to practical governance: overcoming regulatory barriers to innovative air quality solutions in urban environments

by Anas Akram Mohammed, Raad Fajer Ftayh, Nada Saddam Jabr, Mahmood Jawad Abu-AlShaeer, Ghufran Waleed, Ievgenii Gorbatyuk

2025,10(9); 65 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.3979

Abstract In fast industrializing areas, the constitutional guarantee of a clean environment has often banded together with economic and infrastructural factors, as in the case of urban air pollution, to be one of the problems of governance in the modern era. This paper considers expanded legal and regulatory concerns arising due to the development of new environmental engineering-based technologies for quantifying, and treating, urban air quality. Five atmospheric pollutants PM2. 5, PM10, NO2, CO, and O3—were monitored continuously in 10 urban stations with calibrated sensors over the course of 7200 h. The traffic and industrial sources were unequivocally identified as the dominant one, with clear inter-pollutant feedback, high spatiotemporal variability, and the presence of hot-spots, uncovered through multilevel regression, vector autoregression and sensitivity simulations. Accordingly, we determine that the current stationary boundary layer-based standards are not an adequate model for controlling the pollutant for pointier of contact specific adjustments and that dynamic resources are required to control short term exposure events and co-polluter effects. Using fine-grain spatiotemporal modeling, coupled with nested layers of legal and policy analysis, its new framework proves both how and when the constitution allows adaptation and governance, but throws light equally on when legal loopholes prevent experimentation. Two real-world applications include monitoring of legal tools in practice, dynamically setting pollutant and zoning limits, and institutional investment (to data driven governance). With a view to marrying the accuracy of engineering to the spaciousness of law, this article introduces a nimbler and juster model of urban regulation of air quality.

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-4227

Are tourists willing to pay conservation fees? A Case Study of CMC Tiga Warna in Malang, Indonesia

by Zimo Huang, Shida Irwana Omar, Syamsul Bachri

2025,10(9); 46 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.4227

Abstract Clungup Mangrove Conservation (CMC) Tiga Warna is a community-managed site that currently relies on a flat conservation fee. The present revenue sustains day-to-day operations but is insufficient for long-term mangrove and coral recovery and infrastructure upgrades. To ensure ecotourism sustainability, an increase in the existing fee is being considered. To address this issue, this study assesses tourists’ willingness to pay (WTP) additional fees and identifies the key determinants influencing both WTP decisions and payment amounts. A structured questionnaire survey was conducted among 310 visitors in May 2023. Using logistic regression and multiple linear regression, the study finds that perceived value (PV), institutional trust (IT), age, marital status, education, and occupation significantly affect tourists’ willingness to pay. In contrast, the WTP amount is influenced by ecological cognition (EC), PV, gender, monthly income, and place of residence. On average, visitors are willing to pay IDR 19,353.20, which is higher than the current IDR 10,000 fee. Based on annual visitor numbers in 2022, the estimated economic value of CMC Tiga Warna amounts to IDR 925,859,441.75. In addition, a sensitivity analysis shows that WTP levels vary under different socioeconomic and psychological scenarios, suggesting that fee adjustments should be accompanied by measures that strengthen environmental awareness and ecological cognition. These findings not only provide practical guidance for adjusting the conservation fee at CMC Tiga Warna, but also highlight the value of integrating psychological and socioeconomic determinants in future WTP research on mangrove conservation.

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-4013

Intersectionality at work: How disability, employer biases, and SME constraints shape employment outcomes for persons with disabilities

by Simranpreet Kaur Hansaram, Rudzi Munap

2025,10(9); 110 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.4013

Abstract Drawing from Intersectional theory, this qualitative study explores two research questions: the employment challenges faced by persons with disabilities (PWDs) and the employers’ perception of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in hiring PWDs. A thematic analysis is adopted and addresses two main research questions by using semi-structured interviews with ten SMEs operators. The results for the first research question point to four related problems: employers not knowing enough about the skills of PWDs and not recognizing them, common stereotypes and societal views, physical barriers and infrastructure issues in the workplace, and employers concerned about cost and resources. The second research question revealed SMEs employers’ reluctance to hire persons with disabilities because of a lack of understanding of their skills and perceive them as difficult to work with. It also recognizes potential facilitators, like the importance of variety and the practicality of focused interventions such as specialized training, financial incentives such as tax breaks, and peer-support networks. Results from this study demonstrated that hiring people with disabilities is affected by a combination of factors, namely, their disabilities, employer biases, and the restrictions faced by SMEs. These indicate the importance of multi-tiered interventions that deal with both structural and attitudinal barriers, thus, the study importance in theoretical and practical effects. Most importantly, it promotes the hiring of PWDs as a shared responsibility between employers, policy makers, and society.

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-3004

Education and Economic Harmonious Development: A Path to Sustainable Development

by Yixuan Wang, Lijun Wang

2025,10(9); 128 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.3004

Abstract Education is one of the key avenues for investing in human capital and is also an important means of enhancing society's research and development capabilities and technological levels. Therefore, investment in education has become an overlooked factor, affecting the quality of economic growth. Since the reform and opening-up, with the continuous improvement of China's economic development level, the role of education has become increasingly prominent, and investment in education by central and local governments at all levels has continued to increase. Especially since achieving the goal in 2012 of having fiscal education expenditure exceed 4% of GDP, education funding has entered the "4% era," effectively ensuring the level of educational development. However, while educational development can positively drive economic growth, the relationship between the two is not simply linear. The impact of education on the quality of economic growth depends on multiple conditions, among which the matching of the education investment structure is one of the key factors determining the influence of education on the quality of economic growth [ 1 ] . Comprehensive Financial Report. This article will delve into the structure of educational investment and its interaction with the quality of economic growth, aiming to provide recommendations for the effective policy arrangement of educational investment and industrial structure to improve the quality of economic growth.

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-4035

Mood states according to sociodemographic variables in the Peruvian population

by Jose Calizaya-Lopez, Yaneth Aleman-Vilca, Merly Lazo-Manrique, Juan Manuel Coaquira-Mamani, Magnolia Susana Sierra-Delgado, Omar Emilio Trujillo-Zeballos, Ana Barreda-Coaquira, Irving Juan Manuel Coaquira-Ramon, Renzo Rimaneth Rivero-Fernandez, Claudia M. Salas-Carazas

2025,10(9); 116 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.4035

Abstract Mood states represent a central dimension of psychological well-being, influenced by multiple factors, including sociodemographic variables. However, in the Peruvian context, there is still no extensive empirical evidence that explores how these variables modulate emotional responses at different stages of the life cycle. Moods were analyzed according to sociodemographic variables in a representative sample of the Peruvian population. A quantitative, non-experimental and cross-sectional design was applied; 2283 people participated distributed according to population groups (adolescents, youth, adults and older adults). A validated scale was used to assess the child's condition. Data was analysed with non-parametric tests (absence of normal distribution in the data). High and medium levels were found in the dimensions of mood, significant differences were found in the dimensions of anxiety, depression, joy and hostility according to sociodemographic variables. Women and divorced/widowed people reported higher levels of anxiety and depression. Participants with higher levels of education, higher incomes, and residents of urbanized areas showed higher levels of joy. Adolescents, women, and people with higher education had higher scores in hostility. It is concluded that moods are influenced by specific sociodemographic characteristics, evidencing the need for differentiated interventions according to population profile, implementing community mental health strategies, especially in vulnerable contexts.

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-3639

Customer-centric brand promotion model: operational excellence of import-export in the food industry

by Jeremiah Palmiano, Rejoice Ferrer, Chiqui Umali, Ryan Romnick Sanchez, Mary Anne Rhoda Pascua, Angelita Regala

2025,10(9); 167 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.3639

Abstract This study addresses the critical importance of customer-focused strategies and brand promotion within the food component import–export sector, a context that remains underexplored, particularly with respect to the influence of external factors across diverse geographical settings. Its objective was to empirically investigate how operational excellence, particularly customer relationship management (CRM), value-added services, and product quality and safety assurance affects customer loyalty and, in turn, drives brand promotion. Utilizing a descriptive quantitative research design, a cross-sectional survey was administered in the Philippines, with data analyzed through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The findings indicate that CRM exerts the most significant influence on customer loyalty, while product quality and safety assurance also positively contributes. Importantly, customer loyalty emerged as a strong driver of brand promotion. The model demonstrated high predictive power for customer loyalty and substantial explanatory power for brand promotion. These results highlight that strong customer relationships developed through CRM are essential for fostering loyalty and positioning customers as effective brand advocates. Preserving product quality and safety assurance is fundamental, the study's results imply that companies should purposefully put in comprehensive CRM systems and tailored encounters. To develop devoted clients, hence boosting brand awareness and securing sustained competitive advantage. Future studies ought to broaden the scope of investigated factors and explore more generalizable geographical settings to improve generalizability.

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-4077

The mechanism of professional learning communities in promoting teacher professional development: An empirical study of university physical education teachers based on collaborative culture

by Ruibo Liu, Pengfei Chen, Yongjiu Gao, Fangyu Xiang, Quan Su

2025,10(9); 118 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.4077

Abstract Professional Learning Communities (PLCs) are recognized as a key mechanism for teacher growth, yet little is known about their role among university Physical Education (PE) teachers. This study examined the associations between PLCs and professional development, considering gender and teaching experience. Survey data were collected from 803 Chinese PE teachers using validated scales. Analyses included t tests, ANOVA, hierarchical regression with controls, and multi-group confirmatory factor analysis. Results showed that PLCs were significantly associated with professional development (β=.500, p<.001), explaining 26.3% of the variance. Gender differences were observed: male teachers scored higher than females (Hedges’ g=0.27, p<.001). Teaching experience also mattered: novice teachers (≤ 5 years) and senior teachers (> 25 years) reported higher scores than mid-career peers (6–25 years). These findings highlight PLCs as a robust organizational resource linked to teacher development beyond background characteristics. Practical implications include differentiated measures: induction and mentoring for novices, leadership opportunities and support for women, and retraining or research incentives for senior staff. This study extends PLC theory to the underexplored context of university PE teachers and provides evidence-based recommendations for building collaborative and equitable faculty development systems.

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-3901

Augmented reality in Chinese Arts Museums: Enhancing environmental perception and cultural confidence through interactive exhibitions

by Wujiu Liu, Noor Azly Mohamed Ali, Bowen Ding, Wahiza Abdul Wahid

2025,10(9); 101 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.3901

Abstract In the era of digital transformation, cultural institutions worldwide are leveraging augmented reality (AR) to redefine visitor experiences, yet the psychological mechanisms underlying AR's impact on cultural engagement remain underexplored, particularly in the context of Chinese arts museums. This study investigates how AR-mediated interactive exhibitions enhance visitors' environmental perception (i.e., understanding of artworks' historical, social, and natural contexts) and foster cultural confidence, integrating theories from environmental psychology and social identity. Using a mixed-methods design, we conducted surveys (N = 500) and semi-structured interviews (n = 30) across three case studies: the Palace Museum's "Digital Treasure Gallery," Suzhou Museum's AR Garden, and Hunan Museum's Mawangdui AR Exhibition. Structural equation modeling (SEM) revealed that AR's interactivity and immersiveness significantly improved environmental perception (β = 0.62, p < 0.001), which in turn enhanced cultural confidence (β = 0.48, p < 0.01), with a mediating effect accounting for 63% of the total impact. Qualitative analysis identified two key pathways: (1) spatiotemporal reconstruction, where AR recreated artworks' original environments (e.g., ancient landscapes for traditional Chinese paintings), bridging the gap between historical contexts and modern viewers; (2) emotional resonance, where interactive elements (e.g., virtual craftsmanship simulations) fostered deeper emotional connections to cultural heritage. The findings demonstrate that AR serves as a dynamic tool for translating static art collections into "environmental narratives," enabling visitors to perceive art as embedded in broader ecological and social systems. This dual enhancement of cognitive understanding and emotional identification strengthens cultural self-assurance, aligning with China's goals of sustainable cultural inheritance (SDG 11.4) and social cohesion (SDG 16.9). For museum practitioners, the study advocates prioritizing "context-rich" AR designs that integrate environmental storytelling over technical spectacle, while highlighting the need for cross-disciplinary collaboration to maximize the psychological impacts of digital cultural initiatives.

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-3952

Legal and regulatory challenges in controlling heavy metal and chemical pollutants in geochemical cycles

by Rami Salih, Sundus Serhan Ahmed, Sarah Aamer Riyadh Abdulrahman, Noor Sabah Abd-Al Latif Jasim, Baker Mohammed Khalil

2025,10(9); 75 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.3952

Abstract Huge number of heavy metals and chemical contaminants are scattered all over geochemical systems and tested in the face of constant hazard of environmental quality, human health, and governmental control. The influence of the environmental matrices on the spatial distribution, mobility and retention of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) was studied in five sites with varying environmental peculiarities in terms of industrial, agricultural, mining and waste related activities. In this study, different conventional methods have been used to explore the contamination of heavy metals in an untreated industrial wastewater (field sampling) and after treatments with atomic absorption spectrometry technique performed in a laboratory using a batch of adsorption tests and multivariate statistical analysis. Results suggest there may be a high spatial variability in the concentration levels of metal with land use derived patterns and geochemical properties as likely principal contributors to site-specific variation. Correlation and regression analyses showed that pH and electrical conductivity influenced the mobility of metals, especially arsenic, to a greater extent. The metals retention by adsorption as well presented non-uniform other retention behavior able to be reflected in their environmental persistence and potentially different mobility. To identify the hotspots of remediation, spatialization was performed. Combining this and the results would show how a localized geochemical profiling is important toward improving of understanding about pollutants dynamic patterns, localities in environmental management. These findings are also favorable to the idea of injecting science into the law system; that legal interests would be able to protect both environment and regulatory. This may be suggested for the future study to scaling up the spatial and temporal investigation, inclusion of chemical speciation examination of metals analysis and application of advanced predictive model in assessment. It is also suggested in the analysis that data should be harmonized to meet geochemical interpretation in accordance with the international environmental law as in Basel and Minamata conventions in order to meet the standards of the management of pollutions. It raises the level of application of the environmental geochemistry considerations in policy options and transboundary governance frameworks, by emphasizing the legal factuality of scientific facts.

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-3972

The future of work and environmental sustainability: Balancing automation and green jobs

by Yahya Majeed Alsaad, Bushra Jabbar Abdul Kareem, Zina Muin Mohammed, Dhafer Aldabagh, Thamer Kadum Yousif Al Hilfi, Larysa Prots

2025,10(9); 74 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.3972

Abstract The rate at which automation has swept the world, does not only capture the attention of a number of emerging industries and revolutionizing productivity schemes but also defying concepts toward environmental sustainability and labor allocation. Although automation is typically linked to an increase in productivity and competitive advantage, the greater opportunity of automation in the rate of energy consumed and the emissions reduction and green jobs creation remain not sufficiently measured. The paper discusses how automation is producing two impacts, which have implications on the future of both production and the labor markets, in manufacturing and logistics and agriculture and retail sales. By employing a mixed-method analysis methodology, longitudinal data analysis was supplemented with econometric modelling, to determine the impacts of automation on the energy efficiency trends (carbon reduction and employment). Regression test, sensitivity and validation tests were performed in order to support both the sector level case studies and the robustness of empirical estimates to ascertain that the results are empirically strong. The outcomes of automation, according to the results, reduce energy consumption (18-25 percent) and greenhouse gases (15-20 percent) in major uptake areas such as manufacturing and logistics. Meanwhile, green job creation increased by a factor of 15-28% with a particular growth in middle and high-skilled jobs. Horticulture and retail were slower but had less significant sustainability benefits, confirming the disproportionate spread of automation technology in sectors. Nevertheless, under adaptive policies, upskilling of the labor force and incorporation of green technologies turn out to be environmental and social opportunities in the decarbonization and inclusive growth of countries. The findings imply that a sector-specific governance strategy and long-term oversight will be required to make a balanced sustainability change to produce an equalized transition to the low-carbon automated economy.

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-4150

The impact of error management atmosphere, organizational support, and self-efficacy on employee innovation: The roles of work passion and risk-taking trait

by Yingjian Wang, Vesarach Aumeboonsuke, Jiafu Su

2025,10(9); 62 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.4150

Abstract This paper takes error management atmosphere perception, perceived organizational support, and creative self-efficacy as independent variables, employees' working passion as the mediating variable, risk-taking trait as the moderating variable, and employee innovation behavior as the dependent variable. It explores the relationships among error management atmosphere perception, perceived organizational support, creative self-efficacy, employees' working passion, risk-taking trait, and employee innovation behavior. This study, integrating social cognition theory and creativity component theory, systematically explored the connections among various variables. The research indicates that enterprises should have a good atmosphere for error management, and at the same time, they should provide employees with sufficient organizational support. Only in this way can they continuously stimulate the innovative vitality of employees. It provides important insights for enterprise management practices, namely, creating a positive atmosphere of error management is a key way to stimulate employees' innovative potential and enhance the organizational innovation ability.

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-4008

The empathy incubation effects of moral narrative theater: Socialization shaping of university students' personality cultivation through drama education environments

by Yue Zhuang

2025,10(9); 113 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.4008

Abstract This study explores the socialization shaping mechanisms of empathy incubation effects on university students' character development within moral narrative theater environments. Using a quasi-experimental design, 456 university students underwent a 16-week drama education intervention, with mixed-methods research systematically analyzing the psychological ecological characteristics of drama education environments, the generative mechanisms of empathy incubation effects, and their shaping effects on personality traits. The research findings reveal: (1) Drama education environments create a unique psychological ecosystem for student character development through three dimensions—physical spatial layout, social interaction networks, and cultural atmosphere cultivation—where open circular layouts significantly enhance psychological safety (26.7% improvement), collective creation strengthens social cohesion (84.5% improvement), and multicultural integration promotes value coordination (consistency index increased from 0.34 to 0.78); (2) Empathy incubation effects demonstrate three-dimensional coordinated development characteristics of cognitive empathy, affective empathy, and behavioral empathy, with overall empathy capacity improving by 52.0%, behavioral empathy frequency increasing by 239.1%, and effect sizes reaching large effect levels; (3) Participants showed positive changes across all Big Five personality trait dimensions, with openness increasing by 37.8%, agreeableness growing by 48.6%, conscientiousness improving by 27.6%, and neuroticism decreasing by 21.3%; (4) Moral character structure underwent optimized reorganization, with moral sensitivity increasing by 52.9% and moral behavioral consistency index rising from 0.41 to 0.84, achieving coordinated unity of moral cognition, emotion, and behavior; (5) Six-month follow-up data demonstrated good stability and persistence of personality changes, with test-retest reliability coefficients exceeding 0.82. The study constructed a theoretical model of empathy incubation effects, validated the significant role of drama education environments in university students' personality socialization shaping, and provided important theoretical foundations and practical guidance for innovation in university moral education and talent cultivation model reform.

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-4024

Preschoolers' emotional management: A survey of 164 Chinese children

by Mi Yu, Zanariah Ahmad

2025,10(9); 140 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.4024

Abstract Emotional management is one of the core skills that preschoolers need in their social and academic development. Nevertheless, the present-day Chinese early childhood education does not have systematic inclusion in the development of emotional competencies, which is why it is necessary to study the developmental trends and educational deficiencies through an empirical approach. This paper explored developmental patterns of emotional management skills in four domains, recognition and understanding, expression, regulation, and application of emotional management skills among Chinese preschoolers to guide evidence-based curriculum development. A mixed-method design surveyed 164 children (ages 3-6) from six intact classes in Huaibei City, employing teacher-rated questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc tests, and thematic analysis of interview transcripts. Children demonstrated moderate performance across dimensions (M=2.75-2.90). Significant age-related improvements emerged in emotion recognition (F(5,158)=7.002, p<0.001), expression (F(5,158)=3.452, p=0.005), and regulation (F(5,158)=4.320, p=0.001), with large classes consistently outperforming younger peers. However, emotion application showed no significant age differences (F(5,158)=2.193, p=0.058), revealing a critical transfer gap between strategy knowledge and practical implementation. The results show the necessity of well-organized interventions with a focus on knowledge-to-practice transfer based on situational simulation, structured role-play, and contextualized emotional strategy rehearsal. Instead of teaching cognitive strategies, education programs ought to emphasize the process of closing the knowing-doing gap.

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-3850

Deliberate behavior modelling of teacher education faculty in integrating gender and development concepts among higher education learners

by Michael Angelo A. Legarde, Ivy M. Nazareth, Jason V. Chavez, Alprince King A. Biri, Erwin B. Berry, Kier P. Dela Calzada, Analiza B. Calles

2025,10(9); 131 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.3850

Abstract This qualitative study examined how teacher education faculty in selected Philippine higher education institutions deliberately integrated Gender and Development (GAD) concepts and modeled gender-responsive behavior within and beyond the classroom. Using semi-structured interviews with sixteen (16) purposively selected faculty members from Palawan Province, Biliran Province, Zamboanga City, and Surigao del Sur, Philippines, the study investigated their instructional strategies, motivations, and lived experiences in promoting gender inclusivity. Guided by Feminist Pedagogy and Social Gender Theory, the analysis revealed that faculty members embedded GAD principles through contextualized course content, reflective activities, and discussions that challenged stereotypes and encouraged empathy. Findings indicated that deliberate modeling was evident in the use of inclusive language, equitable classroom interactions, and immediate responses to gender bias or discrimination. Personal encounters with gender inequality, commitment to transformative education, and adherence to institutional mandates emerged as primary motivators for GAD integration. The study concluded that effective gender responsiveness was achieved not merely through curricular compliance but through consistent behavioral modeling that humanized instruction and fostered inclusive learning environments. Faculty behavior served as the most influential medium for translating GAD principles into practice, thereby advancing institutional culture and strengthening gender equality in higher education.

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-4043

Development of a blended teaching module on integrated moral-art education to promote college students' moral level and psychological health

by Jinzhang Leng, Nurfaradilla Mohamad Nasri, Khairul Azhar Jamaludin

2025,10(9); 102 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.4043

Abstract Background: In the face of the increasingly prominent moral decline and psychological health problems of young college students around the world, such as the frequent occurrence of violence, crime and suicide, it has become a common topic of global education reform and development. Emphasizing and strengthening the moral education and psychological health of young college students has become a common topic of global education reform and development. Similar social cases are still on the rise, reflecting a deviation from the correct moral outlook. These cases also show that the traditional theory indoctrination teaching method of moral education can no longer achieve the goal of moral education for college students. Moral education and psychological health education need more attractive and emotional teaching materials and methods. Art education can make up for the "requirements" of students. This is because art education includes a variety of vivid, visual, and infectious materials and methods, such as painting, music, and calligraphy. The aim of this study is to develop a blended teaching module integrating moral education-art education to promote the moral and psychological health of university students. International organizations and governments around the world have reflected deeply on the crisis of moral education for young people facing the world today, which has finally evolved into a call for moral education. Subjects and Methods: The study selected a class of 40 students as a sample. The study was conducted in the form of a 40-person pre- and post-test. The test is based on effectiveness questionnaire. The questionnaires were completed before the start and after the end of the moral education and psychological health courses respectively. The questionnaire evaluated the effectiveness of teaching in the moral education and psychological health courses after using the new modules for teaching. Results: This study used SPSS v 28.0 to analyse and collect data. It was found that the students who were taught using blended teaching module on integrated moral-art education had significantly higher scores than those who were not taught using the blended teaching module. Their moral and psychological health scores were statistically higher than those before the course started. Conclusions: Using blended teaching module on integrated moral-art education for the course not only enhanced students' satisfaction, but also gained students' favor. At the same time, it has positive significance in promoting students' moral and psychological health levels.

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-3831

Exploring the strategies of education leaders in managing under-achieving faculty

by Bedaria I. Amerol, Erwin B. Berry, Jason V. Chavez, Analiza B. Calles, Michael Angelo A. Legarde, Shella S. Gador, Lergie L. Emologa, Analiza D. Camarista

2025,10(9); 121 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.3831

Abstract Managing under-achieving faculty remains a major challenge in Philippine higher education, where tenure protections, cultural norms, and institutional diversity complicate accountability. This study explored the strategies of 18 academic leaders, from state universities in Lanao del Sur, Zamboanga Peninsula, Iloilo, and Palawan, through semi-structured interviews analyzed with reflexive thematic analysis. Findings show that leaders employ a stepwise approach: starting with coaching, mentoring, and reflective conversations, and escalating to improvement plans or disciplinary measures when necessary. Faculty responsiveness, institutional culture, and collaboration with stakeholders shaped outcomes. Leaders balanced empathy with accountability while facing structural barriers such as ambiguous policies, tenure protections, and cultural reluctance toward confrontation. Emotional and time-intensive demands further underscored the complexity of managing underperformance. The study highlights that effective management combines developmental support with accountability and must be adapted to institutional and cultural contexts. Limitations include reliance on leaders’ self-reports, exclusion of faculty and student perspectives, and cultural specificity, which may restrict generalizability. Future research should employ comparative and mixed-methods designs to test these themes across contexts and examine their long-term impact.

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-4080

Attitudes towards sexuality in Peruvian adolescents

by Nataly Choco Zegarra, Alexandra Mercedes Salluca Yana, Jose Calizaya-Lopez

2025,10(9); 104 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.4080

Abstract Adolescence is an important stage for the construction of identity, where sexuality acquires a central role, in the Peruvian context, cultural and family patterns tend to strengthen conservative visions, conditioning adolescents' attitudes towards sexuality. The aim of this study was to analyze attitudes towards sexuality in Peruvian adolescents, considering sociodemographic characteristics and the cultural context in which they develop. Method. The study was observational and cross-sectional, with a quantitative approach; 1865 adolescents intentionally selected in five educational institutions participated; The scale of attitudes towards sexuality was applied, the data were analyzed using non-parametric tests, with calculation of effect sizes. Results. It was found that more than 90% of the adolescents evaluated presented conservative attitudes towards sexuality, evidencing a strong influence of family, religious and sociocultural factors in the configuration of these attitudes. It is concluded that these predominant conservative attitudes reflect the validity of traditional values in the socialization of adolescents, likewise, there is a need to strengthen comprehensive sex education programs that promote objective information, responsibility and autonomy in the experience of sexuality.

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-3945

AI Ethics, legal regulation, and public trust in environmental health and safety

by Mudher Ghaeb Ali, Ammar Khadim Jasim, Sarah Aamer Riyadh Abdulrahman, Mahmood Jawad Abu-AlShaeer, Akram Fadhel Mahdi

2025,10(9); 65 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.3945

Abstract The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into environmental health and safety presents opportunities for efficiency, predictive capability, and improved compliance, but also raises pressing ethical, legal, and equity concerns. This study examines how regulatory clarity, ethical frameworks, and public trust shape the adoption of AI in this domain. A mixed-methods approach was employed: legal analysis of 15 international treaties and 10 judicial decisions; five transcontinental case studies; 25 expert interviews with policymakers, legal scholars, and NGO representatives; and quantitative analysis of 20 environmental health datasets. Multiple regression and structural equation modeling (SEM) validated results at p < 0.05 with 95% confidence intervals. The findings show that jurisdictions with strong regulatory frameworks achieve higher adoption rates (up to 80%) and faster compliance timelines, while fragmented systems face delays and inequities. Ethical outcomes improved significantly after AI adoption, with transparency rising by 35%, fairness by 25%, and public trust by 20%. Economic efficiency gains included 30% energy savings from smart grids and $15M annual savings through automated audits. However, equity gaps persist, with low-income regions and vulnerable populations showing only 10% improvement in access and inclusion. Policy recommendations highlight the need for governments to establish adaptive legal frameworks, NGOs to strengthen inclusivity, industry to adopt transparent standards, and international organizations to support funding in disadvantaged regions. The analysis shows that for AI to be used in environmental health in a sustainable and just way, not only needs to be technically innovative but also needs to be regulated well, carefully, and proactively, and build trust and co-create trust with.

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-4086

CPTED-based analysis of factors influencing perceived safety in the street environment of Nagoya

by Haoyuan Xiao, Yoshinori NATSUME

2025,10(9); 179 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.4086

Abstract Grounded in Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) and informed by social‑psychological theory, this study examines how street‑environment features shape pedestrians’ perceived safety through normative cueing and perceived guardianship. We combined a field survey and spatial analysis to sample representative sites in the Shinsakae district (Nagoya), then conducted laboratory experiments comprising eye‑tracking, Semantic Differential (SD) ratings, and a virtual‑reality (VR) replication. Stimuli were 24 photographs (12 daytime, 12 nighttime). Fifty participants (architecture=20; non‑architecture=30) first viewed photographs while gaze behavior was recorded, followed by SD ratings on 22 bipolar adjective pairs; a subset of scenes was presented in VR. Areas of Interest (AOIs) were defined by seven CPTED‑related factors that also function as social signals: lighting and sightlines (normative clarity, reduced ambiguity), cleanliness vs. untidiness (injunctive norms), greenery (affect regulation), signage/graffiti and fly‑posting (disorder cues), and pedestrian/vehicle activity (perceived capable guardianship and social density). Eye‑tracking heat maps and scan paths showed consistent attention to lighting elements, moving vehicles, and salient signage; untidy cues captured attention in ways associated with lower safety ratings. SD results converged with the gaze patterns: lighting and cleanliness were the most influential positive contributors, whereas visible disorder reduced perceived safety; the VR condition approximated daytime judgments but not nighttime. Taken together, the findings suggest that physical design acts partly by shaping normative expectations and perceived guardianship—pointing to interventions that pair maintenance and lighting with place management to strengthen collective efficacy and the salience of prosocial norms.

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-3967

An analysis of factors contributing to the severity of academic cheating behavior among university students—A case of Hefei city

by Yongnian Cao, Ali Khatibi, Jacquline Tham

2025,10(9); 119 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.3967

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the causes of academic cheating among university students at a university in Hefei, Anhui Province. 642 general students from Accounting, Finance and Architecture were randomly selected from a university, and data were collected by distributing questionnaires. To collect the data, a questionnaire was used that included the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants and relevant cheating factors. The results of the study highlighted factors related to the students themselves, factors related to teachers and factors related to peers. The questionnaire used to collect data included both socio-demographic characteristics of the students and factors influencing cheating, and the study found that despite the majority of respondents perceiving the seriousness of cheating, they continued to actively engage in cheating behavior. This paper analyzes the factors affecting the severity of cheating among college students by questionnaire survey and data collection, and uses SPSS and AMOSS technology.

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-4134

Exploring the psychological mechanisms behind consumption patterns and their effect on economic expansion

by Yujie Liu, Nelli Akylbekova, Kalybek Abdykadyrov

2025,10(9); 64 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.4134

Abstract This study investigates the psychological mechanisms driving consumption patterns and their subsequent impact on regional economic expansion. Drawing on a cross-sectional quantitative design, data were collected from 2,847 participants across six regions using a mixed-mode approach combining online surveys and structured interviews. A comprehensive analytical framework was developed to examine how cognitive biases, financial literacy, and digital literacy collectively influence consumption behaviors such as green consumption, impulsive buying, and planned purchases, and how these patterns contribute to macroeconomic performance. Using structural equation modeling (SEM), the proposed model demonstrated a strong fit (χ²/df = 2.14, CFI = 0.962, TLI = 0.955, RMSEA = 0.041). Results revealed that financial literacy positively predicted planned purchases (β = 0.42, p < 0.001) and green consumption (β = 0.35, p < 0.001) while negatively influencing impulsive buying (β = −0.28, p < 0.01). Cognitive biases significantly mediated the relationship between financial literacy and consumption behaviors, explaining 31.4% of indirect effects. In addition, the rational decision making and reduction in impulsiveness by digital literacy mediated the impact of these associations. Taken together, psychological mechanisms correlated to 34.2 percent of the variance of consumption patterns, which, in its turn, explained 28.7 percent of the changes in regional economic growth. Its results focus on the final contribution of consumer psychology to economic performance and give additional results concerning the improvement of financial literacy programs, online consumer protection, and sustainable marketing. This research paper adds to the body of behavioral economics by incorporating the three aspects of psychology, technology and financial in one model that predicts the psychology economic nexus.

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-3983

Big data and AI in environmental decision-making: Legal and ethical challenges

by Muzaffer Yassen, Marwan Salah Noaman, Taghreed Alaa Mohammed Ali Hassan, Nameer Hashim Qasim, Intesar Abbas, Yurii Khlaponin

2025,10(9); 81 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.3983

Abstract Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Big Data are increasingly being leveraged in environmental decision-making, offering a transformative mechanism for improving predictive capability, efficiency in resource use, and transparency of governance. This study examines how AI-based models can help improve climate forecasting, disaster mitigation, water resource management, urban planning, and agricultural oversight. Utilizing machine learning algorithms, neural networks, and optimization models, AI overcomes the limitations of traditional forecasting and decision-support systems, allowing for faster and more accurate environmental assessments. AI-based models demonstrated the most significant increase in predictive accuracy due to improved predictive accuracy through minimized predictive errors across multiple environmental domains that range between 1.5% and 39.8% improvements. AI also improves decision-making efficiency reducing response times (when implementing such strategies) by 47.5% — useful in areas such as disaster preparedness and distributing the right resources. AI also assists in sustainable environmental management, where its optimizations have created 36.7% reductions in environmental resource consumption. The article also showcases how AI can help overcome biases, especially related to equity in environmental policies, leading to fairer decision-making processes. However, data availability, algorithm transparency, energy, and regulatory compliance are still challenges. Tackling resent challenges will necessitate stronger AI governance frameworks, advanced ethical guidelines, and collaborative efforts between decision-makers, scientists, and AI researchers. The highlights of this particular study illustrate how the smart integration of AI and Big Data within environmental governance can ensure efficient and accountable decision-making processes in the future.

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-4017

Interdisciplinary study on environmental support and cognitive regulation enhancing music creativity in Orff Schulwerk for non- music major college students

by Jinyi Yu, Marissa Ejercito - Borines

2025,10(9); 75 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.4017

Abstract Based on an interdisciplinary perspective, this study explores the mechanisms by which environmental support and cognitive regulation enhance musical creativity among non-major university students in Orff improvisation. A quasi-experimental design was employed, selecting 400 non-major university students as research participants. The experimental group received Orff improvisation instruction integrated with environmental support and cognitive regulation strategies, while the control group received traditional music instruction, with an intervention period of 16 weeks. The study utilized mixed methods, collecting data through questionnaire surveys, behavioral observations, work analysis, and in-depth interviews, and analyzing the data using descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, regression analysis, and structural equation modeling. The results indicate: (1) Environmental support and cognitive regulation demonstrate significant synergistic effects; when environmental support reaches optimal configuration, students' cognitive regulation efficacy improves by 67.3%, and overall musical creativity enhances by 78.2%; (2) The three stages of Orff improvisation present differentiated environment-cognition interaction patterns: the imitation stage primarily optimizes cognitive load, the exploration stage promotes metacognitive development, and the improvisation stage releases cognitive freedom; (3) Demographic characteristics play important moderating roles in environment-cognition interactions, with gender differences mainly manifested in environmental support preferences and age differences reflected in the maturity of cognitive regulation strategies; (4) Musical creativity enhancement is achieved through four pathways: cognitive load optimization, emotional arousal regulation, social belonging construction, and self-efficacy enhancement, demonstrating significant psychological and social effects; (5) The constructed interdisciplinary theoretical framework successfully explains the complex mechanisms of musical creativity development, with the overall model explanatory power reaching 73.4%. The proposed "ecological-cognitive" teaching model provides scientific guidance for music education practice, and the developed assessment tools for environmental support and cognitive regulation establish a foundation for subsequent research. This study enriches the theoretical system of music education, expands the application domains of environmental psychology and cognitive psychology, and provides important theoretical foundations and practical pathways for cultivating innovative talents and promoting students' comprehensive development.

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-3211

Fitness activities from the lens of physical education teachers: Pursuing mental health and balancing act in stressful work environment

by Jesus O. Tubog, Jr.

2025,10(9); 79 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.3211

Abstract This exploratory study examined the role of fitness activities in enhancing mental health among Physical Education (PE) teachers in Zamboanga, Philippines, focusing on their experiences managing stress in demanding work environments. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 40 PE teachers to explore their preferred fitness routines, the impact of exercise on their mental clarity and stress management, and the consequences of skipping workouts. The data were analyzed using a structured thematic analysis approach, drawing from established qualitative frameworks to ensure rigor and credibility. Findings showed that PE teachers prioritize quick, space-friendly exercises such as deep breathing, stretching, and light cardio for immediate stress relief, while high-energy activities like Zumba and circuit training were favored for mood elevation and social engagement. Participants consistently reported improved mental clarity, patience, and positivity after engaging in fitness activities, whereas skipping workouts resulted in heightened stress, irritability, and reduced emotional balance. Overall, the study underscores the importance of integrating fitness routines into the daily lives of PE teachers as a critical form of self-care and stress management, ultimately enhancing their mental well-being and resilience in navigating the demands of their profession.

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-4039

Musical transmission and collective memory: A psychocultural study of Tujia folk songs

by Ming Gao, Krisada Daoruang, Arethit Posrithong

2025,10(9); 96 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.4039

Abstract This psychocultural study explores the relationship between musical transmission and collective memory within the Tujia ethnic minority in China, focusing on the role of traditional folk songs as mnemonic vessels for cultural identity. Using a mixed-methods design across three generational cohorts, the study applies four novel analytical techniques—Multi-Generational Transmission Analysis (MGTA), Digital Cognitive Mapping, Biometric Coding, and Network Analysis—to examine how emotional engagement, symbolic coherence, and social learning contexts shape memory retention. The findings indicate a marked generational decline in cultural knowledge, especially in contextual understanding and symbolic literacy. Emotional synchrony during ritual-based transmission emerged as a strong predictor of memory retention, while institutional instruction showed limited efficacy. Furthermore, most lyrical and symbolic changes reflected cultural erosion rather than creative innovation. The study concludes that sustainable heritage preservation depends not only on documentation but on revitalizing embodied, affective, and community-rooted learning environments that support psychocultural continuity.

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-3768

Analysis of community participation practices on law enforcement: Observable effects on Peace and order

by Armando A. Alviola

2025,10(9); 162 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.3768

Abstract This qualitative study explored community participation practices in supporting local law enforcement at the barangay level in Eastern Visayas, Philippines. A total of 20 participants—including seven barangay tanods, eight purok leaders, and five local constituents—were purposively selected. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews and analyzed thematically. Findings show complementary roles across community actors: tanods provide frontline visibility (patrols, curfew support, de-escalation), while purok leaders organize meetings, mobilize residents, and mediate minor disputes. Citizen engagement—via prompt reporting, group messaging, and assembly participation—was associated with quicker responses, fewer petty conflicts, and a stronger sense of collective responsibility. Perceived challenges included fear of retaliation, uneven participation, coordination lapses, and occasional partiality in informal mediation. Overall, community participation appears to enhance vigilance, trust, and responsiveness, but sustained impact depends on consistent coordination, impartial processes, and supportive mechanisms (e.g., training and anonymous reporting). The study recommends capacity-building in conflict mediation, improved protection and reporting protocols, and structured feedback channels to strengthen participatory governance and localized peacekeeping.

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-4068

Media framing and attitudinal bias toward the elderly: A Comparative study of US and Chinese media discourse

by Hong Meng, Azianura Hani Binti Shaari, Lay Shi Ng

2025,10(9); 65 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.4068

Abstract Against the backdrop of global ageing, the portrayal of the elderly in the media reflects societal attitudes towards this senior group and influences public perceptions of ageing. This study focuses on the term “elderly” and employs quantitative corpus-assisted approach, qualitative framing analysis, and semantic prosody analysis to compare how Chinese and American mainstream news media construct older adults. The corpus was sourced from China Daily , South China Morning Post , The Washington Post , and The New York Times throughout the entire year of 2023. A total of 359 concordance lines from China news media and 22 from American news media were examined for media framing and semantic prosody of the term “elderly”. The results showed that Chinese outlets more frequently employed “elderly” to refer to older adults, predominantly constructed them within the frame of institutional support, and tended to exhibit positive attitudes. In contrast, American media seldom utilized “elderly” and framed older people within negative societal contexts linked to challenges and difficulties. Specifically, 59.09% of the mentions in American contexts highlighted problematic aspects, whereas in China, 44.29% of the references depicted the elderly as beneficiaries of diverse institutional supports and volunteer efforts. This US-China comparative study of the term “elderly” revealed different dominant media frames and overall attitudes between China and American news outlets, which guide media professionals to rethink the power of language used to describe the elderly.

Open Access

Research Articles

Abstract

ESP-4083

The effect of e-commerce live streaming technical features on Chinese consumers' purchase intention-mediated by social support

by Mengjia Qi, Janifer anak Lunyai

2025,10(9); 132 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.4083

Abstract With the increasingly fierce competition in the online retail industry and consumers' increasing demand for online shopping experience, the existing marketing model is difficult to sustain and effectively attract consumers, and more e-commerce websites and sellers are trying to adapt to the ever-changing business environment through the introduction of new marketing models. Understanding the effect of e-commerce live streaming's influence on online purchasing intention can provide references and suggestions for e-commerce websites and sellers to give full play to the marketing value of live streaming and improve market competitiveness by doing so. Considering the interaction process between consumers and e-commerce live streaming platforms, we construct a relationship model between e-commerce live streaming technical features and online purchase intention based on the theory of "stimulus-organism-response". The study found that the real-time interactivity experience, perceived proximity, and authenticity of e-commerce live streaming positively influence consumer intention. By enhancing social support, these technical features further boost online buying interest. This study offers a technical review of the impact of the live streaming features on the consumer behaviour with the emphasis on the importance of the latter and provides insights into the optimal use of the resources allocation within the framework of e-commerce and live streaming technology.

Open Access

Review Articles

Abstract

ESP-4122

The interplay of ideal L2 self, L2 investment and L2 identity of EFL learners in higher education: A systematic review from 2014 to 2024

by Yao Zhou, Supyan Hussin, Azlina Binti Abdul Aziz

2025,10(9); 67 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.4122

Abstract This systematic review examines the dynamic interplay among ideal L2 self, L2 investment, and L2 identity in university-level EFL contexts by synthesizing 26 empirical studies (2014-2024). Addressing key gaps in current research, it integrates psychological and sociological perspectives while expanding beyond dominant East Asian contexts to include underrepresented regions. The findings reveal that the ideal L2 self serves as a primary motivational driver, particularly when supported by digital affordances and positive emotional experiences, while pedagogical interventions that facilitate vision-building and identity reflection create reinforcing cycles of motivation and investment. However, structural barriers such as socioeconomic disparities significantly constrain these dynamics for marginalized learners. The review makes three key contributions: first, it develops an integrated framework connecting agency and structure in L2 motivation research; second, it demonstrates the value of mixed-methods approaches for capturing temporal and contextual dimensions; and third, it provides practical insights for designing inclusive pedagogies that address systemic barriers. By elucidating the interdependent relationships among ideal L2 self as future self-guides, strategic investment, and identity development, this review advances understanding of L2 learning as both a cognitive and sociocultural process, offering valuable guidance for researchers, educators, and policymakers seeking to promote equitable learning opportunities in diverse EFL contexts and provides a comprehensive framework for understanding language learners’ motivational trajectories, with implications for research, teaching practice, and policy development in global higher education settings.

Open Access

Review Articles

Abstract

ESP-4175

Exploring the impact of massive open online courses on enhancing intercultural communication competence: A systematic literature review

by Dejuan Mao, Fathiyah Mohd Kamaruzaman, Ahmad Zamri Mansor

2025,10(9); 39 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.4175

Abstract With the rapid advancement of globalization, intercultural communication has become increasingly essential in political, economic, and cultural contexts. In this context, online learning has emerged as a key avenue for fostering Intercultural Communication Competence (ICC), as it overcomes constraints of time, location, cost, and eligibility, promotes the sharing of high-quality courses and advances educational equity. However, currently limited research has systematically explored how ICC can be effectively cultivated through MOOCs, especially based on empirical evidence. To address this gap, this study aims to explore the relationship between MOOCs and ICC through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR). The review analyzes selected articles retrieved from Scopus, Web of Science (WoS) and Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The findings show that authentic task-driven learning, technology-supported interaction, and experiential learning are key pathways to enhancing ICC. By breaking down geographical and cultural barriers and offering authentic tasks within intercultural communication environments, MOOCs provide students with effective opportunities to enhance their ICC through the integration of practical, culturally interactive learning tasks. This study concludes that MOOCs have significant potential in enhancing ICC within higher education. The insights derived from this review may guide future research and practice in integrating ICC-focused strategies into online learning environment.

Open Access

Review Articles

Abstract

ESP-4133

The effect of distributed leadership on teacher self-efficacy in Mainland China: A systematic review (2019–2025)

by Cheng Zhang, Bity Salwana Alias, Mohd Norazmi Nordin

2025,10(9); 78 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.4133

Abstract This systematic review synthesizes empirical studies published between 2019 and 2025 on the relationship between distributed leadership (DL) and teacher self-efficacy (TSE) in Mainland China. A total of 8,742 records were retrieved from major academic databases, with 10 high-quality studies selected through a PRISMA-guided screening process. The findings reveal a consistently positive association between DL and TSE, mediated by factors such as teacher collaboration, professional trust, teacher leadership, and ICT integration. Moderating influences, including interpersonal trust, school culture, and regional disparities, underscore the contextual complexity of DL within China’s dual centralized governance structure and high power-distance culture. This review clarifies the mechanisms through which DL supports TSE and offers culturally responsive recommendations. It advocates for embedding DL into teacher professional development, strengthening departmental collaboration, increasing teacher leadership participation, and incorporating indigenous philosophies such as Wang Yangming’s “unity of knowledge and action” to enhance intrinsic teacher agency. Overall, this review enriches the cultural lens of educational leadership and offers actionable strategies for fostering teacher professional growth.

Open Access

Review Articles

Abstract

ESP-4082

A systematic review of teachers’ digital competence and its effect on students’ academic self-efficacy, learning engagement and other outcomes

by Ruizhu Luo, Hazrati Binti Husnin, Mohammad Hafiz Bin Zaini

2025,10(9); 84 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.4082

Abstract This systematic review synthesizes 25 empirical studies (1/1/2015–16/6/2025) to examine the impact of teachers’ digital competence on students’ academic self-efficacy, learning engagement, and other related outcomes. The findings reveal that teachers’ digital competence boosts academic self-efficacy by fostering confidence and self-regulation. It also enhances learning engagement across behavioral, emotional, and cognitive dimensions. These effects are supported by frameworks such as TPACK and Social Cognitive Theory. Quantitative research and questionnaires were the most commonly used methods, and technology integration environments (e.g., AR/VR, AI tools) in improving students’ other related outcomes were the most frequent variable focus. However, the existing research exhibits geographical biases (with a predominance of studies from developed regions), methodological limitations (including an overreliance on cross-sectional surveys), and a focus on higher education, which leaves K-12 and vocational contexts underexplored. Key gaps include inconsistent measurement tools and insufficient examination of mediating mechanisms (e.g., the role of academic self-efficacy in the relationship between teachers’ digital competence and learning engagement). This review underscores the need for longitudinal studies, standardized assessments, and more equitable research representation in economically underdeveloped regions. Practical implications highlight the importance of integrating technical and pedagogical training in teacher development programs to optimize digital learning environments.

Open Access

Review Articles

Abstract

ESP-4119

Instructional leadership and teacher self-efficacy for school improvement: A systematic review of empirical studies

by Shihui Hua, Azlin Norhaini Mansor, Khairul Azhar Bin Jamaludin

2025,10(9); 78 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.4119

Abstract This study addresses a crucial aspect of school success in the context of current educational reforms by methodically examining how instructional leadership indirectly affects student outcomes through teacher self-efficacy. In order to synthesise methodological approaches, research trends, and conceptual frameworks across various educational contexts, bibliometric mapping and qualitative content analysis were integrated into a systematic literature review of 34 peer-reviewed empirical studies published between 2015 and 2025, adhering to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The results demonstrate that by defining school missions, overseeing instructional programs, and creating a supportive learning environment, instructional leadership raises teacher self-efficacy and boosts teachers' confidence in their ability to deliver instruction, manage the classroom, and engage students. Although the review shows a preponderance of quantitative designs, a narrow cross-cultural breadth, and a dearth of longitudinal and mixed-methods research, which limit subtle contextual insights, these processes do contribute to increased student accomplishment. The report offers evidence-based suggestions for leadership development programs that aim to improve student learning outcomes by increasing teacher efficacy. In addition to highlighting methodological and contextual priorities for future research, this review adds originality and value to the field by providing an integrative conceptual framework that elucidates the psychological processes connecting instructional leadership to educational outcomes.

Open Access

Review Articles

Abstract

ESP-3936

Barriers to accessing mental health services among university students: A systematic review

by Kus Hanna Rahmi, Zakiyah Jamaluddin, Mahathir Yahaya, Azlini Binti Chik, Meiti Subardhini, Enung Huripah, Adi Fahrudin

2025,10(9); 82 Views

doi: https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.3936

Abstract Background: University students worldwide face escalating mental health challenges, yet their access to appropriate psychological support services remains critically limited. Despite growing institutional awareness of student well-being needs, systematic barriers continue to impede effective service utilization, creating a concerning gap between mental health needs and actual service engagement. Objective: This systematic review aims to comprehensively identify and analyze the multifaceted barriers that prevent university students from accessing mental health services, while simultaneously evaluating the effectiveness of interventions designed to address these obstacles. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines [1] We conducted an extensive systematic review by searching seven electronic databases, including PubMed, PsycINFO, ERIC, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library for studies published between January 2017 and December 2024. We included empirical studies examining barriers to accessing mental health services among university students aged 18-30 years. Study quality was rigorously assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool [2] and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale [3] . Data synthesis employed structured narrative analysis complemented by quantitative analysis where appropriate. Results: Our comprehensive search identified 2,847 initial records, from which 45 studies meeting strict inclusion criteria were analyzed, encompassing 78,392 participants across 23 countries. Through systematic analysis, three primary barrier categories emerged: individual-level barriers, including stigma, misconceptions, and help-seeking reluctance; structural barriers, encompassing financial constraints, service availability, and accessibility issues; and institutional barriers, involving inadequate resources, insufficient staff training, and system integration failures. Financial constraints emerged as the most frequently reported barrier across 69% of studies, followed closely by stigma-related concerns in 64% of studies and limited-service awareness in 58% of included research. Analysis of intervention studies revealed moderate effectiveness for comprehensive, multi-component approaches that address barriers at multiple levels simultaneously. Conclusions: Multiple interconnected barriers create complex obstacles to university students' access to mental health services. The evidence strongly supports implementing multi-level interventions that simultaneously address individual, structural, and institutional factors rather than targeting isolated barriers. Future research should prioritize implementation science approaches and examine the long-term sustainability of barrier-reduction interventions in diverse university settings.

Environment and Social Psychology

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